rose window, large, stone-traceried, circular window of medieval churches. Romanesque churches of both England and the Continent had made use of the wheel window—a circular window ornamented by shafts radiating from a small center circle; and from this prototype developed the elaborate rose windows. The latter, in their full development, flourished especially in France, where they appear in practically every important Gothic cathedral, either over the center portal of the west front or on at least one of the transept ends. Stained glass was usually placed in them. The early examples, as on the west facade of the cathedral at Chartres (12th-13th cent.), were filled with plate tracery, pierced from a stone slab. With the perfection of bar tracery, the typical rose, as in the cathedral at Reims (13th-14th cent.) and in Notre-Dame de Paris (12th-14th cent.), was filled with numerous radiating bars and intermediate bars, joining to form pointed arches at the outer edge. In the final or flamboyant period the bars were arranged in wavy curves and more intricate patterns. This rich and closely packed tracery, as in the fine transept window of St. Ouen at Rouen, suggests the design of an open rose.

rose of Sharon, common name for several plants, especially Hibiscus syriacus, of the family Malvaceae (mallow family), and for St.-John's-wort, i.e., any species of the genus Hypericum of the family Hypericaceae (St.-John's-wort family). The Malvaceae are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Malvales. The Hypericaceae are similarly classified, but in the order Theales.

rose of Jericho, common name for two plants belonging to different families in the plant kingdom. One, an annual desert plant (Anastatica hierochuntica) of the family Cruciferae (mustard family), is native to Asia Minor. It is a resurrection plant. The branches curl into a ball at maturity, after which the plant, in its native habitat, is blown about by the wind and the seeds are dispersed. The other, Odontospermum pygmaeum, is native to the same region and also called rose of Jericho because of its similar properties. It is a member of the family Asteraceae (aster family). Both families are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida. The Cruciferae is in the order Capparales, and the Asteraceae is in the order Asterales.

rose, common name for some members of the Rosaceae, a large family of herbs, shrubs, and trees distributed over most of the earth, and for plants of the genus Rosa, the true roses.

The Rose Family

The family is especially abundant in E Asia, Europe, and North America, where species of almost half of the family's genera are indigenous, especially in the Pacific coastal area. Many of the Rosaceae are thorny, and most are characterized by the presence of stipules on the leaf, by flowers having five sets of parts, by a fleshy fruit, such as a rose hip or an apple, that is derived in large part from a cup-shaped enlargement of the flower stalk, and by the near absence of endosperm in the seed.

Although some groups of these plants are sometimes classed as separate families, most botanists consider them all to be a single family that represents a natural phylogenetic classification, i.e., most or all members have evolved from common ancestors. The largest of the approximately 110 genera (comprising a total of some 3,100 species) are Rubus (including the raspberry, blackberry, dewberry, loganberry, and other types of bramble), Spiraea (including the bridal wreath, meadowsweet, and hardhack), Rosa (the true roses), Crataegus (hawthorn), and Prunus (including the almond, apricot, blackthorn or sloe, cherry, nectarine, peach, and plum).

Economically the rose family is of enormous importance. It provides numerous temperate fruits including (besides species of Rubus and Prunus) the apple, loquat, medlar, pear, quince, and strawberry. The typically fragrant and beautiful flowers make many members of the family prized as ornamentals, e.g., the fruit trees and bushes mentioned and also the antelope brush, Christmasberry, mountain ash, pyracantha, and shadbush. Many genera have species that are native wildflowers of the United States; in addition to many of those above are Agrimonia (agrimony), Potentilla (cinquefoil), and Sanguisorba (burnet), which are also sometimes cultivated.

The True Roses

The most popular ornamentals of the family, and among the most esteemed of all cultivated plants, are the true roses. Rosa occurs indigenously in the north temperate zone and in tropical mountain areas, usually as erect or climbing shrubs with five-petaled fragrant flowers. Sometimes the foliage also is fragrant, as in the European sweetbrier, or eglantine. From many of the wild species have been developed the large number of cultivated varieties and hybrids having single or double blossoms that range in color from white and yellow to many shades of pink and red. Since many species are highly variable and hybridize easily, the classification of Rosa is sometimes difficult, and the wild type of some modern forms is not always known.

The rose has been a favorite flower in many lands since prehistoric times. It appears in the earliest art, poetry, and tradition. It has been used in innumerable ways in decoration. In ancient times it was used medically—Pliny lists 32 remedies made of its petals and leaves. Formerly it was eaten in salads and conserves. It was sacred to Aphrodite and was a favorite flower of the Romans, who spread its culture wherever their armies conquered. Among the old species are the cabbage rose and the damask rose, both native to the Caucasus; the latter especially is cultivated for the perfume oil attar of roses. The famous roses of England include the white rose that was the emblem of the house of York and the red rose of the house of Lancaster in the Wars of the Roses. The rambler rose, frequently grown on trellises and porches, and the tea and hybrid tea roses are of more recent origin, the result of modern rose culture, which really began when the East India Company's ships brought new everblooming or monthly roses from the Orient.

The rose is the emblem of England and the national flower of the United States. It is the official flower of New York state; the wild rose, of Iowa; the prairie rose, of North Dakota; and the American Beauty, of the District of Columbia. Practical uses of roses, besides their importance as a source of perfume, include a delicate-flavored jelly made from the fruits, called rose hips, of some wild species. Thorny rambling roses, such as the Oriental multiflora rose, are much used as hedge and erosion control plants in agriculture, highway landscaping, and wildlife preserves.

Classification

Roses are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Rosales, family Rosaceae.

rambler rose: see rose.

guelder-rose: see honeysuckle.

Tokyo Rose: see D'Aquino, Iva Toguri.

Schneiderman, Rose, 1884-1972, American labor leader, b. Poland. She emigrated to the United States in 1890. After working as a lining stitcher in a cap factory, she was instrumental in getting women admitted to the United Cloth, Hat, and Cap Makers Union and participated (1905) in a successful strike. Probably the best-known American woman trade unionist, she was elected (1907) vice president of the New York branch of the Women's Trade Union League and was its sole organizer (1917-19) in the Eastern states. She was subsequently elected president (1918) of the New York branch and became (1928) national president of the National Women's Trade Union League. She served also as secretary (1937-44) of the New York state department of labor. In addition she was an official of the National Recovery Administration in the 1930s and a member of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's brain trust.

Rose, Pete (Peter Edward Rose), 1941-, American baseball player, b. Cincinnati. The National League Rookie of the Year in 1963 and Most Valuable Player in 1973, Rose was a switch hitter who played outfield and infield positions; his career was spent with the Cincinnati Reds (1963-78, 1984-86), the Philadelphia Phillies (1979-83), and the Montreal Expos (1984). Nicknamed "Charlie Hustle," Rose won three National League batting titles (1968, 1969, 1973) and set the major-league record for hits (4,256), surpassing Ty Cobb's mark. He also set the major league record for games played (3,562) and hit safely in 44 consecutive games in 1978, setting a modern National League record. Rose was manager of the Cincinnati Reds from 1984 until 1989, when he was banned for life from baseball for betting activities after an investigation by Major League Baseball. In 1990 he spent five months in jail for tax evasion. Since then Rose has campaigned to regain his eligibility for the Hall of Fame, publicly admitting in 2004 that he bet on baseball and apologizing for it.

Rose, Gustav, 1798-1873, German mineralogist. He served as professor at the Univ. of Berlin from 1839. Noted especially as a crystallographer, he advanced the scientific study of rocks. His brother, Heinrich Rose, 1795-1864, an analytical chemist, was professor at the Univ. of Berlin from 1823. He demonstrated (1844) that niobium (columbium) and tantalum are different elements.

Rose of Lima, Saint, 1586-1617, Peruvian Dominican tertiary and mystic, the first canonized saint of the New World, patron of South America and the Philippine Islands. Despite her family's attempt to have her marry, Rose took a vow of virginity and entered the religious life. She lived as a recluse and was remarkable for pious austerities and self-imposed penances. She died at 31 after a long illness and was canonized in 1671. Her shrine is at Lima. Feast: Aug. 23 (formerly Aug. 30).

Roman de la Rose, Le, French poem of 22,000 lines in eight-syllable couplets. It is in two parts. The first (4,058 lines) was written (c.1237) by Guillaume de Lorris and was left unfinished. It is an elaborate allegory on the psychology of love, often subtle and charming. The second part was written (1275-80) by Jean de Meun, who stressed reproduction of the human race as the achievement of God's purpose in the world and digressed into discussion of various subjects. The Middle English Romaunt of the Rose (1st ed. 1532) is a fragmentary translation of the Roman. Chaucer translated a portion of the work. An old standard translation into English is that by Frederick S. Ellis (1900); a later one is by H. W. Robbins (1962).

Macaulay, Dame Rose, 1889?-1958, English author. Remembered primarily for her novels satirizing middle-class life, she first achieved fame with Potterism (1920). Her subsequent novels include Told by an Idiot (1923), Staying with Relations (1930), The World My Wilderness (1950), and The Towers of Trebizond (1956). She also wrote two volumes of verse, several books on travel, and studies of Milton (1934) and E. M. Forster (1938). She was named a Dame of the British Empire in 1958.

Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne, 1851-1926, American nun, philanthropist, and writer; youngest daughter of Nathaniel Hawthorne. In 1871 she married George Parsons Lathrop. In 1891 she and her husband embraced Roman Catholicism. She chose as a mission the work of helping penniless sufferers from incurable cancer and went to live in New York City slums to be near them. She founded St. Rose's Free Home for Incurable Cancer in New York City, and in 1901 she established for the same purpose Rosary Hill Home at Hawthorne, N.Y. She took religious orders after her husband's death in 1898 and became Mother Mary Alphonsa Lathrop. She founded a community of sisters to perpetuate her work; they are Dominican tertiaries. Her literary works include Along the Shore (1888), verse; A Story of Courage (1894), an account, written with her husband, of the Visitation convent at Georgetown; and Memories of Hawthorne (1923).

Duchesne, Saint Rose Philippine, 1769-1852, French educator in the United States, a Roman Catholic nun, b. Grenoble, France. She entered the order of the Visitation, but was forced (1791) by the antireligious decrees of the French Revolution to leave her convent. In 1804 she joined the Society of the Sacred Heart, which sent her to the United States in 1818. From the convent and school she founded at St. Charles, Mo.—later moved to Florissant, Mo.—she traveled over a wide area, founding schools for girls, doing charitable work, and finally ministering to Native Americans. Duchesne was a valiant missionary and a well-known benefactress. She was beatified in 1940 and canonized in 1988. Feast: Nov. 18.

Christmas rose: see hellebore.

Benét, William Rose, 1886-1950, American poet and editor, b. Brooklyn, grad. Yale, 1907; brother of Stephen Vincent Benét. He was associated as editor or assistant editor with the Century Magazine, the Literary Review of the New York Evening Post, and the Saturday Review of Literature (which he helped found in 1924). His books include such collections of poetry as Merchants from Cathay (1913), The Great White Wall (1916), and Man Possessed (1927); a novel, The First Person Singular (1922); a volume of essays, Wild Goslings (1927); and an anthology, The Reader's Encyclopedia (1948). He also coedited The Oxford Anthology of American Literature (1938). His autobiographical verse-narrative, The Dust Which Is God (1941), won the 1942 Pulitzer Prize in poetry. His second wife was the poet, Elinor Wylie, whose poems he edited in 1932.

In Gothic architecture, a decorated circular window, often glazed with stained glass, that first appeared in mid-12th-century cathedrals. It was used mainly at the western end of the nave and the ends of the transept. The bar tracery of a High Gothic rose window consisted of a series of radiating forms, each tipped by a pointed arch at the outside of the circle. The rose windows of Notre-Dame de Paris are particularly noteworthy. In later Flamboyant-style tracery, the radiating elements consisted of an intricate network of wavy, double-curved bars.

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Translucent, coarse-grained variety of the silica mineral quartz found in pegmatites. Rose quartz is valued for its pale to rich pink colour, which is due to very small amounts of titanium. It has been carved since early times and has been faceted to provide gems of good brilliance. Its milky aspect is attributed to tiny, needlelike inclusions of rutile, which, when oriented, give the polished stone an asterism (optical phenomenon of a star-shaped figure) like that found in sapphire, but not as sharp or intense. Rose quartz occurs in Brazil, Madagascar, Sweden, Namibia, California, and Maine, among other sites.

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Shrub or small tree (Hibiscus syriacus, or Althaea syriaca) in the mallow family, native to eastern Asia but widely planted as an ornamental for its showy flowers. It can grow to 10 ft (3 m) and generally assumes a low-branching pyramid shape. The mallowlike flowers range from white and pinkish-lavender to purple, generally with a crimson base; some varieties have double flowers. The name also sometimes refers to the unrelated Aaron's-beard (Hypericum calycinum), a shrubby relative of St.-John's-wort.

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Any of about 100 species in the genus Rosa (family Rosaceae) characterized by their beautiful, fragrant flowers. Rosa species are probably the most widely recognized and universally favoured of ornamental flowering plants. Hundreds of varieties are cultivated in all types of settings, and there are many hybrids. Roses are susceptible to numerous diseases, most caused by fungi. The rose family contains about 3,000 species and accounts for 45percnt of the species in the rose order (Rosales). Other popular garden plants and ornamentals in the rose family include spirea, cinquefoil, hawthorn, mountain ash, and flowering cherry. The family also contains many important fruits, including the apple, peach, strawberry, pear, plum, apricot, almond, quince, blackberry, and raspberry. Plants of some species contain dangerous cyanide compounds. Many members have thorns or prickles.

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orig. Ikuko Toguri

(born July 4, 1916, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.) U.S. broadcaster. She was visiting Japan when she was stranded at the outbreak of World War II. In 1943 she began radio announcing for a propaganda program beamed at U.S. troops, and eventually she became one of 13 women announcers, all native speakers of American English, collectively known as Tokyo Rose. After the war she was convicted of treason and served six years in a U.S. prison. Mitigating information later came to light, and she was pardoned in 1977.

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(born April 14, 1941, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.) U.S. baseball player. Rose began playing organized baseball at age eight. He played for the Cincinnati Reds (1963–78, 1984–86), the Philadelphia Phillies (1979–83), and the Montreal Expos (1984). His 4,256 career hits and 3,562 games played both remain all-time records, and his career mark for runs (2,165) is exceeded only by Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, and Hank Aaron. In 1989, after being investigated for allegedly betting on baseball games, including those of his own Reds, Rose was banned from the sport for life by the commissioner of baseball.

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orig. Isabel de Flores

(born April 20/30, 1586, Lima, Viceroyalty of Peru—died Aug. 24, 1617, Lima; canonized April 12, 1671; feast day August 23, formerly August 30) Patron saint of Peru and all of South America, the first person born in the Western Hemisphere to be canonized by the Roman Catholic church. Born to a wealthy family, she joined a Dominican order in 1606, overcoming her mother's objections. She went into seclusion in a hut in the family garden, where she lived with great austerity, fasting, wearing a crown of thorns, and sleeping on a bed of broken glass. She experienced many visions, particularly of the Devil. Only in her last three years did she leave her seclusion. Many miracles were reported after her death.

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