Principle of physics according to which the energy of interacting bodies or particles in a closed system remains constant, though it may take different forms (e.g., kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy, energy in an electric current, or energy stored in an electric field, in a magnetic field, or in chemical bonds [see bonding]). With the advent of relativity physics in 1905, mass was recognized as equivalent to energy. When accounting for a system of high-speed particles whose mass increases as a consequence of their speed, the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of mass become one conservation law. Seealso Hermann von Helmholtz.

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In physics, the principle that certain quantities within an isolated system do not change over time. When a substance in an isolated system changes phase, the total amount of mass does not change. When energy is changed from one form to another in an isolated system, there is no change in the total amount of energy. When a transfer of momentum occurs in an isolated system, the total amount of momentum is conserved. The same is true for electric charge in a system: charge lost by one particle is gained by another. Conservation laws make it possible to predict the macroscopic behaviour of a system without having to consider the microscopic details of a physical process or chemical reaction.

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Planned management of a natural resource or of a particular ecosystem to prevent exploitation, pollution, destruction, or neglect and to ensure the future usability of the resource. Living resources are renewable, minerals and fossil fuels are nonrenewable. In the West, conservation efforts date to 17th-century efforts to protect European forests in the face of increasing demands for fuel and building materials. National parks, first established in the 19th century, were dedicated to the preservation of uncultivated land not only to provide a safe haven to wildlife but to protect watershed areas and help ensure a clean water supply. National legislation and international treaties and regulations aim to strike a balance between the need for development and the need to conserve the environment for the future.

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Maintenance and preservation of works of art, their protection from future damage, deterioration, or neglect, and the repair or renovation of works that have deteriorated or been damaged. Research in art history has relied heavily on 20th- and 21st-century technical and scientific advances in art restoration. Modern conservation practice adheres to the principle of reversibility, which dictates that treatments should not cause permanent alteration to the object.

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(1933–42) U.S. unemployment program. One of the earliest New Deal programs, it was established to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression by providing national conservation work primarily for young unmarried men. Recruits lived in semimilitary work camps and received $30 a month as well as food and medical care. Projects included planting trees, building flood barriers, fighting forest fires, and maintaining forest roads and trails. It employed a total of 3 million men during its existence.

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Apportionment of productive assets among different uses. The issue of resource allocation arises as societies seek to balance limited resources (capital, labour, land) against the various and often unlimited wants of their members. Mechanisms of resource allocation include the price system in free-market economies and government planning, either in state-run economies or in the public sectors of mixed economies. The aim is always to allocate resources in such a way as to obtain the maximum possible output from a given combination of resources.

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Bibliography

Historical studies

• Bauer, Yehuda. Rethinking the Holocaust. Yale University Press; New Ed edition, 2002. ISBN 0-300-09300-4
• Bauer, Yehuda. Jews for Sale? Nazi–Jewish Negotiations 1933–1945. Yale University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-300-06852-2
• Berenbaum, Michael, A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis (1990)
• Berkhoff, Karel C. Harvest of Despair : Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule (2004)
• Black, Edwin. The Transfer Agreement, (c1984)
• Braham, Randolph L., The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary 2 vols. Boulder:Social Science Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press) (rev. and enlarged, (1994) ISBN 0-8803-3247-6
• Browning, Christopher R. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (2004)
• Burleigh, Michael & Wippermann, Wolfgang The Racial State : Germany 1933-1945, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, (1991) ISBN 0-521-39114-8.
• Davidowicz, Lucy, The War Against the Jews : 1933-1945 (1975).
• Davies, Norman and Lukas, Richard C. Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944, (2001, c1996)
• Dwork, Deborah. Robert Jan Van Pelt, Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present (1996)
• Dwork, Deborah and Jan Van Pelt, Robert. Holocaust: A History (2002)
• Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews : Volume 1: The Years of Persecution 1933-1939 (1998); Volume 2: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939-1945: The Years of Extermination. HarperCollins, 2007.
• Friedlander, Henry. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (1997, c1995)
• Gilbert, Martin. Auschwitz and the Allies (1983, c198l)
• Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War (New York, 1985) ISBN 0-8050-0348-7
• Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust ISBN 0-6881-2364-3
• Gutman, Yisrael, and Berenbaum, Michael, eds. Anatomy of the Auschwitz death camp (1994) ISBN 0-2533-2684-2
• Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 1-3 (2003, c1961)
• Hilberg, Raul. Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 1933-1945, (1992)
• The Holocaust Chronicle, (2001)
• Klempner, Mark. The Heart Has Reasons: Holocaust Rescuers and Their Stories of Courage (The Pilgrim Press, 2006) ISBN 0-8298-16992
• Lusane, Clarence . Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experience of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans and African Americans in the Nazi Era (2002)
• Peukert, Detlev “The Genesis of the `Final Solution’ from the Spirit of Science” pages 234-252 from Reevaluating the Third Reich edited by Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1994 ISBN 0-8419-1178-9.
• Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944 (2001)
• Rossel, Seymour. The Holocaust: The World and the Jews, 1933-1945 (1992).
• Schleunes, Karl A. The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy Toward German Jews, 1933-1939 (1990, c1970)
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust, Macmillan Publishing (1996)

Selected survivor accounts

• Pelzman, Liliane, And No More Sorrow, The World War II Memoirs of Sonja Kiek Rosenstein Cohen (2008)
• Amery, Jean. At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities (1998, c1980)
• Beck, Gad. An Underground Life: Memoirs of a Gay Jew in Nazi Berlin (1999)
• Dittman, Anita. Trapped in Hitler's Hell. 2005. ISBN 0972151281
• Frankl, Viktor E. Man's Search For Meaning (1997, c1984)
• Gutman, Israel, Resistance : The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1998)
• Heger, Heinz. Men With the Pink Triangle: The True, Life-And-Death Story of Homosexuals in the Nazi Death Camps (1994, c1980)
• Klemperer, Victor. I Shall Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 2 vols., also published as I Will Bear Witness in the U.S. (2001, c1998)
• Krinitz, Esther Nisenthal. Memories of Survival, (2005) www.artandremembrance.org
• Lengyel, Olga. Five chimneys: the story of Auschwitz. (1985, c1947)
• Levi, Primo. If This Is A Man and The Truce, published separately in the U.S. as Survival At Auschwitz and The Reawakening (1995)
• Levi, Primo. The Drowned and The Saved (1985)
• Filip Müller. Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers at Auschwitz (1999, c1979)
• Nomberg-Przuytyk, Sara. Auschwitz: True Tales from a Grotesque Land (1985)
• Nyiszli, Miklos. Auschwitz : A Doctor's Eyewitness Account (2001)
• Seel, Pierre. I, Pierre Seel, Deported Homosexual: A Memoir of Nazi Terror (1995)
• Lambert, Raymond-Raoul, Diary of a Witness, 1940-1943 (2007), Ivan R. Dee, Publisher ISBN 1-56663-740-6
• Smith, Lyn, Forgotten Voices of the Holocaust (2005), Ebury Press ISBN 9780091898267
• Vrba, Rudolf. First published as I Cannot Forgive by Sidgwick and Jackson, Grove Press, 1963, ISBN 0-394-62133-6; also published as Escape from Auschwitz: I Cannot Forgive; latest edition I Escaped from Auschwitz, Barricade Books, 2002, ISBN 1-56980-232-7.
• Wiesenthal, Simon and James, Harry, et al. The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness (1998, c1997)
• Zuckerman, Yitzhak. A Surplus of Memory: Chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1993)

Selected semi-autobiographical by survivors

• Pelzman, Liliane. And No More Sorrow (2008)
• Borowski, Tadeusz. This Way to the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (1992, c1967)
• Fink, Ida. A Scrap of Time and Other Stories (1995, c1987)
• Kertész, Imre. Fateless (1996, c1992)
• Spiegelman, Art. Maus : A Survivor's Tale, volume 1: "My Father Bleeds History," volume 2: "Here My Troubles Began" (2 volumes bound in one, Comic book format; story is of author's father, a survivor, 1997, c1986-1991).
• Weil, Jiri. Life With a Star (1998, c1964)
• Wiesel, Elie. Night (1982, c1972)
• Greenfield, Hana. Fragments of Memory (1998, c1998)

Other documentation

• Arad, Yitzhak, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (1999, c1987)
• Browning Christopher R., Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland(1998, c1992)
• Carr, Firpo Wycoff Germany's Black Holocaust, 1890-1945 (2003)
• Czech, Dauntua, Auschwitz Chronicle: 1939-1945 (1999)
• Lucjan Dobroszycki (ed.), The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto, 1941-1944 (1987, c1984)
• Gilbert, Martin, Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (1987, c1985)
• Gutman, Israel, Berenbaum, Michael, et al. (ed.), Yehuda Bauer, Raul Hilberg, et al. (ed. bd.) Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (1998, c1994)
• David J. Hogan, David Aretha, eds. The Holocaust Chronicle: A History in Words and Pictures. Lincolnwood, IL: Publications International, 2000
• Kaplan, Vivian Jeanette - Ten Green Bottles: Nazi Occupied Vienna to Shanghai (2004)
• Dean, Martin. Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941-44 (1999)
• Oppenheimer, Deborah and Harris, Mark Jonathan (ed.), Into the Arms of Strangers : Stories of the Kindertransport (2001, c1998)
• Fings, Karola and Kenrick, Donald (ed.) The Gypsies During the Second World War, 2 vols. (1999)
• van Pelt, Robert Jan. The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial (2002)
• Edgar Ansel Mowrer. Germany Puts the Clock Back (1933)

Hypotheses and historiography

• Agamben, Giorgio . Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive (1999)
• Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (1994, c1963)
• Cole, Tim. Selling the Holocaust : From Auschwitz to Schindler, How History is Bought, Packaged and Sold (1999)
• Goldhagen, Daniel J. , Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, (1997)
• Dippel, John V. H. Bound Upon a Wheel of Fire: Why so many German Jews made the tragic decision to remain in Nazi Germany (1996)
• Finkelstein, Norman G.. Ruth Bettina Birn, A nation on trial: the Goldhagen thesis and historical truth (1998)
• Leff, Laurel Buried By The Times: The Holocaust And America's Most Important Newspaper, Cambridge University Press (2005), hardcover, 426 pages, ISBN 0-521-81287-9
• Lipstadt, Deborah. Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (1994)
• Marrus, Michael R. The Holocaust in History (1989, c1987)
• Niewyk, Donald L. Holocaust: Problems & Perspective of Interpretation (1997, c1992)
• Novick, Peter. The Holocaust in American Life (1999)
• Rosenbaum, Alan S. (ed.) Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide (2001, c1996)
• Troncoso, Sergio. The Nature of Truth (2003)
• Weiss, John. Ideology of Death: Why the Holocaust Happened in Germany (1997)
• Wolffsohn, Michael Eternal Guilt? : Forty years of German-Jewish-Israeli Relations, New York : Columbia University Press, (1993) ISBN 0231082746.

Selected filmography

• Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport
• Night and Fog, 1955, directed by Alain Resnais, narrated by Michel Bouquet
• Paper clips
• The Sorrow and the Pity, 1972, directed by Marcel Ophüls
• Shoah is a nine-hour documentary completed by Claude Lanzmann in 1985. The film, unlike most historical documentaries, does not feature reenactments or historical photos; instead it consists of interviews with people who were involved in various ways in the Holocaust, and visits to different places they discuss. The quality of the undertaking suffers from sloppy translations.
  
• Memory of the Camps, as shown by PBS Frontline

External links

General Sites

• Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not" a Holocaust primer.
• UK Holocaust Centre Owned and run by the Aegis Trust An independent international organisation dedicated to eliminating genocide
• Resources > Holocaust The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Includes the extensive Holocaust Encyclopedia and large collections of maps and photos, one of the most comprehensive sites.
• Yad Vashem (Israeli Holocaust Memorial) Extensive archives with a searchable database of victims, extremely comprehensive
• The Ghetto Fighters' House (museum and study center in Israel) Searchable online archives on the Holocaust and Jewish resistance
• The Holocaust, Crimes, Heroes And Villains
• The Holocaust Children
• The Holocaust "children's voices from beyond"
• The Holocaust Chronicle The full 800 page book online, with photos and search features.
• The Holocaust Chronology (PBS)
• Holocaust History, general site with large Q&A section
• Nonjewish Holocaust victims
• Shoah Education Project Web- Introduction to the Holocaust
• Short Stories About the Holocaust
• The Journey, by surgeon E. T. Rulison, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S., first-hand account and photographs of the 51st Evacuation Hospital during World War II
• The Case of Archbishop Stepinac: How the Catholic Clergy Helped Run Ustashe (i.e., Nazi) Croatia Published by the Yugoslav Embassy, Washington, DC, 1947
• Holocaust table: The partition of the 6 million figure: Holocaust with tunnel systems, bunker constructioning and Stalin deportations etc. (neutral site with the new Gorbatchev documents included)

Official memorials

• Montreal Holocaust Memorial Center Museum
• German Government's Memorial To Jews Murdered During Holocaust
• European Holocaust Memorial
• Imperial War Museum's Holocaust Exhibition
• Holocaust Museum Houston
• Florida Holocaust Museum
• Virginia Holocaust Museum
• Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre in Newark, England
• Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service
• Holocaust Awareness Museum & Educational Center of Philadelphia; America's First Holocaust Museum

Particular groups in the Holocaust

• Africans in the Nazi Camps Section from Rewriting The Footnotes — Berlin and the African Diaspora, by Paulette Reed-Anderson.
• SS-Brigadeführer Franz Walter Stahlecker's "coffin map" Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus.
• Deathly Silence: Everyday People in the Holocaust (By Plater Robinson)
• The Experiences of Jewish Women in the Holocaust
• Histories, Narratives and Documents of the Roma and Sinti (Gypsies)
• Esperanto and the Holocaust
• Nazi Persecution of Gays 1933-1945
• Overlooked Millions: Non-Jewish Victims of the Holocaust
• Rescuers during the Holocaust

Holocaust education

• Millersville University Annual Holocaust Conference
• "Remember Our Faces"--Teaching about the Holocaust.
• Belief in God After the Holocaust
• Rut Matthijsen Excerpt: A Holocaust Rescuer Discusses How the Holocaust Might Best Be Taught

Victim information and databases

• Breakdown of Jewish population by country, before and after WWII
• Detailed breakdown of Holocaust victim statistics
• Info on victim tracing services
• Links to sites listing victims and survivors from specific German communities and concentration camps
• Info on archive of 128,000 victim records (currently under construction)
• Info on archive of 56,000 victim records from Berlin
• Online searchable database of 55,000 victim records from Berlin
• Links to several online searchable victim databases
• Link to searchable online victim database of 2,700 from Stutthof
• Link to searchable online victim database from Augsburg
• Link to searchable online victim database from Bingen
• Lists of people from Gerau region noted by the Nazis for being insufficiently Aryan; Nazi murder victims listed at the bottom
• Lists of Jews sent from Hamburg, organized by concentration camp
• Lists of Jews sent from Hanover
• Lists of Jews sent from Hattingen
• Lists of victims from Hofgeismar, Kassel and Wolfhagen (Hessen)
• Hohenschönhausener Victims of the Holocaust
• Names of 173 Jewish victims from Kaiserslautern
• List of Krefelder Jews who died in institutes, prisons or camps, or suicide during WWII
• Death Lists from concentration camps near Muehldorf am Inn
• Searchable list of 2300 victims from Nuremberg
• List of Jews from Speyer rounded up by Nazis with notation regarding their fate

Documentation and evidence

• Detailed answers to Holocaust denial from the Nizkor Project
• Documents on the Holocaust
• Documentary Resources on the Nazi Genocide and its Denial
• Canadian War Museum World War II Newspaper Archives - The Holocaust
• Memorial to those who suffered at the eleven Kaufering concentration camps, located in the general area of Landsberg and Kaufering, Germany.

Other topics

• OneWorld.net's Perspectives Magazine: Preventing Genocide (April/May 2006) - global human rights and development network looks at genocide from a variety of perspectives
• Oskar Schindler - His List Of Life
• The Catholic Church and Nazism in Germany and Croatia
• 'Hitler's Pope' by John Cornwell
• The Secular Word "HOLOCAUST": Scholarly Sacralization, Twentieth Century Meanings
• "How the mainstream Jewish leadership failed the Jewish people in World War II" Historical and Investigative Research Francisco Gil-White 2006.
• "On the slandering of the mainstream Jewish leadership in World War II through falsified historical research" by Jared Israel
• Chaim Yisroel Eiss the man in the center of Orthodoxy's rescue activities.

In need of categorization

• Liliane Pelzman. And No More Sorrow, The World War II Memoirs of Sonja Kiek Rosenstein Cohen (Cold Tree Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 2008) ISBN 9-781583852569
• An Eye for an Eye: The Untold Story of Jewish Revenge Against Germans in 1945 by John Sack
• The Holocaust Industry Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering by Norman G. Finkelstein
• The Protest of Zofia Kossak-Szczucka
• Martin Gilbert. The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War (New York, 1985) ISBN 0-8050-0348-7
• style="font-style : italic;">Interviews from the Underground:Eyewitness accounts of Russia's Jewish resistance during World War II A documentary film and website.
• Post Holocaust Research Study focusing on Third Generation Holocaust Survivors
• Reich, Tova (2007). My Holocaust. HarperCollins.
• Album Reveals Behind-Scenes Activities at Auschwitz
• Auschwitz through the lens of the SS: Photos of Nazi leadership at the camp