French La Terreur

(1793–94) Period in the French Revolution. It was established by the government on Sept. 5, 1793, to take harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (including nobles, priests, and hoarders). Controlled by the radical Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre, the Terror eliminated enemies on the left (Jacques Hébert and his followers) and the right (Georges Danton and the Indulgents). A law passed in June 1794 that suspended a suspect's right to public trial or legal defense caused the Thermidorian Reaction, and the Terror ended on July 27, 1794, with Robespierre's overthrow. About 300,000 suspects were arrested during the period; about 17,000 were executed, and many others died in prison.

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A reign is a period of time a person serves as a monarch or pope. No time limit exists on reigns, nor is there a term of office. Thus a reign usually lasts for the remainder of the monarch's life, unless the monarchy itself is abolished or the monarch abdicates.

The term of a reign can be indicated with the abbreviation "r." after a sovereign's name, such as the following:

George VI, King of the Dominion of Canada (r. 1936–1952)

Reigns

• Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom reigned from 1837 to 1901.
• King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy reigned from 1900 to 1946.
• Pope John XXIII reigned from 1958 to 1963.
• Bhumibol Adulyadej the Great of Thailand reign from 1946 to present.

A reign can be ended in three ways:

• death
• abdication
• abolition of the office

Abdications

• Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, King of Lombardy-Venetia (r. 1835-1848) was abdicated due to his disabilities (feeble-mindedness and epilepsy). His successor, Emperor Franz Josef (r. 1848–1916) reigned for 68 years.
• King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom reigned from January to December 1936 before he abdicated the throne. After his abdication he became known as the Duke of Windsor. No other monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1800), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has ever abdicated, though forced abdications did occur on rare occasions in the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland prior to their merger in 1707.
• Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands reigned from 1890 to 1948, before abdicating in favor of her daughter, Queen Juliana. Juliana then reigned until 1980 when she abdicated in favor of her daughter, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.

Abolitions of Monarchies

King Constantine II of Greece reigned from 1963 until the abolition of the Greek monarchy in 1973.

Humbert II of Italy reigned for only a few weeks in 1946 before the abolition of the Italian Monarchy.

Czar Nicholas II of Russia reigned from 1894 to 1917 during the Russian Revolution when he was forced to abdicate and the Russian Empire was overthrown.

King Louis XVI of France reigned from the 1770s until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 and his execution the following year.

See also

• Regnum, Interregnum
• Rex