prize fighting: see boxing.

prize, in maritime law, the private property of an enemy that a belligerent captures at sea. For the capture of the vessel or cargo to be lawful it must be made outside neutral waters and by authority of the belligerent. A prize court, in the territory of the belligerent or in that of an allied power, must adjudicate that the property belonged to an enemy national. After the prize is captured, it is ordinarily placed in charge of a prize master and sent into port for judicial proceedings; however, if the enemy character of the ship is readily apparent, it may be destroyed at sea (after passengers, crew, and ship's papers have been removed), with the captor's government being liable for the losses of neutrals. If the prize is sold before being adjudicated, the proceeds must be delivered to the court for distribution. In the case of condemnation, the entire proceeds go to the belligerent government. In the United States, since 1899, the crew of the vessel effecting capture has had no right to share in the profits of the sale. A prize court renders a decision on the basis of the ship's papers, the testimony of those on board, and other relevant factors. If the ship is not condemned, it is released and damages are awarded where no justifiable reason for its capture has been shown. Prize law initially developed from the desire of governments to share in the profits made by ships engaged in privateering. The governments also wished to minimize diplomatic claims for damages by establishing regular procedures for disposing of captures. Although they nominally apply international law, prize courts (in the United States, the federal courts) in awarding judgment have been influenced, or even bound, by the national law. To avoid this, prize cases are sometimes referred to international tribunals. Efforts to establish an international prize court with appellate jurisdiction, however, have not succeeded.

Pritzker Prize, officially The Pritzker Architecture Prize, award for excellence in architecture, given annually since 1979. Largely modeled on the Nobel Prize, it is the premier architectural award in the United States and is named for the family that sponsors the Chicago-based Hyatt Foundation. Architects who have won the prize are: 1979, Philip Johnson (United States); 1980, Louis Barragan (Mexico); 1981, James Stirling (Great Britain); 1982, Kevin Roche (United States); 1983, I. M. Pei (United States); 1984, Richard Meier (United States); 1985, Hans Hollein (Austria); 1986, Gottfried Boehm (Germany); 1987, Kenzo Tange (Japan); 1988, Gordon Bunshaft (United States) and Oscar Niemeyer Soares (Brazil); 1989, Frank Gehry (United States); 1990, Aldo Rossi (Italy); 1991, Robert Venturi (United States); 1992, Alvaro Siza (Portugal); 1993, Fumihiko Maki (Japan); 1994, Christian de Portzamparc (France); 1995, Tadao Ando (Japan); 1996, Rafael Moneo (Spain); 1997, Sverre Fehn (Norway); 1998, Renzo Piano (Italy); 1999, Norman Foster (Great Britain); 2000, Rem Koolhaas (Netherlands); 2001, Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron (Switzerland); 2002, Glenn Murcutt (Australia); 2003, Jørn Utzon (Denmark); 2004, Zaha Hadid (Great Britain), the first female recipient; 2005, Thom Mayne (United States); 2006, Paulo Mendes da Rocha (Brazil); 2007, Richard Rogers (Great Britain); and 2008, Jean Nouvel (France).

Nobel Prize, award given for outstanding achievement in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, peace, or literature. The awards were established by the will of Alfred Nobel, who left a fund to provide annual prizes in the five areas listed above. These prizes were first given in 1901. The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 from funds provided by the Swedish national bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and was first awarded in 1969. Each prize consists of a gold medal, a sum of money, and a diploma with the citation of award. The amount of money available for each prize varies from year to year. The Nobel Prizes are awarded without regard to nationality; the judges are, by the terms of Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics and chemistry, as well as economic science), the Swedish Royal Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute (physiology or medicine), the Swedish Academy (literature), and a committee elected by the Norwegian parliament (peace). The awards are made on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the Peace Prize being presented in Oslo and the others in Stockholm. A prize is sometimes shared; several times the Nobel Peace Prize has been given to an organization. There may be one or more years in which a prize or prizes may not be awarded; this has happened most often with the Peace Prize. See the tables entitled Nobel Prizes and Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for lists of persons who have been awarded the prizes.

Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences: see Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel under Nobel Prize.

Man Booker Prize, an annual prize of £50,000 (originally £20,000) for a work of fiction by a living British, Irish, or Commonwealth writer. Great Britain's premier literary award, it was originally known as the Booker Prize and in 1969 was underwritten by the British food-distribution company Booker PLC, now part of The Big Food Group PLC. In 2002 the Man Group, a British hedge fund, became a co-sponsor of the award, which was renamed. Recipients of the award have included V. S. Naipaul, Nadine Gordimer, Iris Murdoch, Salman Rushdie, A. S. Byatt, J. M. Coetzee, Margaret Atwood, Peter Carey, and Ian McEwan. In 2004 an additional award, the Man Booker International Prize, was introduced. An award of £60,000 given for overall achievement in fiction, it is presented every two years to a living author of any nationality whose fiction is either written in English or is generally available in English translation. It was first given (2005) to the Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare. In 2007 yet another award was announced, the Man Asian Literary Prize. Initiated by the Hong Kong International Literary Festival Ltd. with the financial support of the Man Group, it aims to bring exciting new Asian writers to the attention of the world literary community, to encourage the translation and publication in English of such Asian works, and to emphasize Asia's increasing role in world literature. The prize awards $10,000 to the winning writer and $3,000 to the translator.

Booker Prize, an annual prize of £50,000 (originally £20,000) for a work of fiction by a living British, Irish, or Commonwealth writer. Great Britain's premier literary award, it has been underwritten since 1969 by the British food-distribution company Booker PLC, now part of The Big Food Group PLC. In 2002 the Man Group, a British hedge fund, became a co-sponsor of the award, which was officially renamed the Man Booker Prize. Recipients have included Nadine Gordimer, Iris Murdoch, Salman Rushdie, A. S. Byatt, and Peter Carey. In 2004 an additional award, the Man Booker International Prize, was introduced. An award of £60,000 given for overall achievement in fiction, it is presented every two years to a living author of any nationality whose fiction is either written in English or is generally available in English translation. It was first given (2005) to the Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare.

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel: see under Nobel Prize; for a table of the winners of the prize, see Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (table).

Year	Recipient(s)
1969	Ragnar Frisch Jan Tinbergen
1970	Paul A. Samuelson
1971	Simon Kuznets
1972	Sir John R. Hicks Kenneth J. Arrow
1973	Wassily Leontief
1974	Gunnar Myrdal Friedrich A. von Hayek
1975	Leonid V. Kantorovich Tjalling C. Koopmans
1976	Milton Friedman
1977	James E. Meade Bertil Ohlin
1978	Herbert A. Simon
1979	Sir Arthur Lewis Theodore W. Schultz
1980	Lawrence R. Klein
1981	James Tobin
1982	George J. Stigler
1983	Gerard Debreu
1984	Richard Stone
1985	Franco Modigliani
1986	James M. Buchanan
1987	Robert M. Solow
1988	Maurice Allais
1989	Trygve Haavelmo
1990	Harry M. Markowitz William F. Sharpe Merton H. Miller
1991	Ronald H. Coase
1992	Gary S. Becker
1993	Robert W. Fogel Douglass C. North
1994	John F. Nash John C. Hasranyi Reinhard Selten
1995	Robert E. Lucas, Jr.
1996	William S. Vickrey James A. Mirrlees
1997	Robert C. Merton Myron S. Scholes
1998	Amartya Sen
1999	Robert A. Mundell
2000	James J. Heckman Daniel L. McFadden
2001	George A. Akerlof A. Michael Spence Joseph E. Stiglitz
2002	Daniel Kahneman Vernon L. Smith
2003	Robert F. Engle Clive W. J. Granger
2004	Finn E. Kydland Edward C. Prescott
2005	Robert J. Aumann Thomas C. Schelling
2006	Edmund S. Phelps

(1863) Legal dispute in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Pres. Abraham Lincoln's seizure of ships (prizes). In April 1861, three months before Congress declared a state of war, Lincoln authorized a blockade of Confederate ports. In that three-month period, several merchant ships ran the blockade and were captured by the Union navy. The legality of the seizures was challenged in court; on appeal, the Supreme Court ruled that the president had acted legally to resist insurrection, sanctioning presidential use of emergency powers.

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World's most prestigious honour in the field of architecture. Established through the philanthropic efforts of the Pritzkers, a prominent Chicago business family, the prize, first awarded in 1979, bestows an annual award of $100,000 on an architect whose built contributions to the field and to society are judged worthiest. The international jury has included architects, artists, historians, academicians, critics, and business executives.

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Any of the prizes awarded annually by four institutions (three Swedish and one Norwegian) from a fund established under the will of Alfred B. Nobel. The will specified that awards should be given “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” Since 1901, prizes have been awarded for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace; since 1969, a sixth prize, established by the Bank of Sweden, has been awarded in economic sciences. The Nobel Prizes are regarded as the most prestigious prizes in the world.

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in full (2002– ) Man Booker Prize

Prestigious British award given annually to a full-length novel. It was established in 1968 by the multinational company Booker McConnell as a counterpart to the French Prix Goncourt. The Booker Prize Foundation administers the prize, aided by an advisory committee. Entries, which are nominated by publishers, must be written by an English-language author from the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth countries, Ireland, or South Africa. Its winners have included Kingsley Amis, A.S. Byatt, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, and Salman Rushdie. In 1992 a Booker Russian Novel Prize was introduced.

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