present-perfect

Present perfect tense

The present perfect tense is a perfect tense used to express action that has been completed with respect to the present. (The word perfect in its name refers to the idea of completion—of being now finished—rather than to perfection in the sense of "no flaws".) "I have finished" is an example of the present perfect. The present perfect is a compound tense in English (and in many other languages), meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. For example, in modern English, it is formed by combining a present-tense form of the auxiliary verb "to have" with the past participle of the main verb. In the above example, "have" is the auxiliary verb, whereas the past participle "finished" is the main verb. The two verbs are sometimes labeled "V1" and "V2" in grammar instruction.

Usage in English

In English, the present perfect has perfect aspect, which means that it is used to refer to a subject's past actions or states while keeping the subject in a present state of reference or in a present state of mind. Therefore, in English, the following logic helps to understand the tense: Think of the words in the construction separately: "have" (or "has") is in the present, and the past participle is in the past. For example, "I have gone to the cinema" implies that the subject has completed a certain action (this is what "gone" relates), but that the subject is, in a sense, "holding" or "possessing" that completed action in the present time (this is what "have" relates). In other words, the subject is in a current state (now), and a past action that the subject has done or a past state that the subject has been in, is being referred to from the current state of the subject, which is the present time. This differs from the simple past tense, i.e., "I went to the cinema", which implies only that an action happened, with the subject having no relationship at all to the present.

Another example:

The boy saw the car. (Emphasis is on the fact that the boy saw the car.)

The boy has seen the car. (Emphasis is on the present state of the boy, resulting from the fact that he saw the car.)

I left Argentina eight years ago.

I have left Argentina for now.

In summary, both the present perfect tense and simple past tense are used for past actions or states, but the present perfect describes the present state of the subject as a result of a past action or state (i.e., the subject is being talked about in the present), whereas the simple past describes solely a past action or state of the subject (i.e., the subject is being talked about in the past).

Usage in other languages

In many European languages, including standard German, French and Italian, the present perfect usually does not convey perfect aspect, but rather perfective aspect. In these languages, it has usurped the role of the simple past (i.e. preterite) in spoken language, and the simple past is now used mostly in written form (German) or not at all (French). (In standard English, by contrast, the present perfect (perfect aspect) and simple past (perfective aspect) are kept distinct.)

In modern German, the present perfect is usually used with perfective aspect, and colloquially usually replaces the simple past, although the simple past still is frequently used in non-colloquial and/or narrative registers. For this reason, the present perfect is often called in German the "conversational past", while the simple past is often called the "narrative past".

In French, the term passé composé (literally "compound past") is the standard name for the present perfect tense (even though the past perfect (plus-que-parfait) is also logically a compound past tense). The passé composé has perfective, not perfect, aspect. The French simple past is analogous to the German simple past in that it has been partially displaced by the compound past and relegated to narrative usage; but in French the displacement is greater, to the point that the simple past sounds archaic (whereas in German it merely sounds narrative).

Various auxiliaries: to have and to be

In modern English, the auxiliary verb for forming the present perfect tense is always to have.

I have eaten
You have gone
He has arrived

In many other European languages, usually the equivalent of to have (e.g., German haben, French avoir) is also used to form the present perfect (or their equivalent of the present perfect) for most verbs. However, the equivalent of to be (e.g., German sein, French être) serves as the auxiliary for some verbs instead. Generally, the verbs that take to be as auxiliary are intransitive verbs denoting motion or change of state (e.g., to arrive, to go, to fall).

French

In standard French, any verb being used reflexively takes être ("to be") as auxiliary in compound past tenses (passé composé, plus-que-parfait, passé antérieur, futur antérieur). In addition, a small set of about 20 non-reflexive verbs also use être as its auxiliary.

J'ai mangé (I have eaten)
Tu es venu(e) (You have come, literally you are come.)
Nous sommes arrivé(e)s (We have arrived, literally we are arrived.)
Vous vous êtes levé(e)(s) (You have gotten up, reflexive verb,literally you are gotten up.)

Spanish

Standard Spanish is like English in that haber is always auxiliary regardless of reflexive voice and regardless of the intransitive-+-motion idea.

German

In standard German, the sein-vs-haben distinction includes the intransitive-+-motion idea but is independent of the reflexive-voice difference when forming the Perfekt.

Ich habe gegessen (I have eaten)
Du bist gekommen (You have come, literally you are come.)
Sie sind gefallen (They have fallen, literally they are fallen.)
Sie ist geschwommen (She has swum, literally, she is swum.)

English

English in past centuries included the intransitive-+-motion idea and thus used to be as auxiliary for the present perfect forms of many of the same verbs as other European languages today. This usage has practically disappeared from Modern English. Examples of this conjugation can still be found in order texts: