percussion instrument, any instrument that produces musical sound when its surface is struck with an implement (such as a mallet, stick, or disk) or with the hand. Perhaps the most universally familiar percussion instrument is the drum, common to the most primitive as well as the most sophisticated musical arts. Sticks clicked against each other are another simple form of percussion. These are related to castanets, cymbals, and the triangle. Among the percussion instruments used in the West are the bell, the celesta, the glockenspiel, the xylophone (and similar marimba), and the Caribbean steel drum. In general, percussion instruments are not tuned by construction; pitch, tone, and volume depend on the skill of the performer.

See also gong, kettledrum, snare drum, tambourine, and tom-tom.

A musical instrument that is struck (or sometimes shaken or scraped) to produce sound. This category includes instruments whose own hard substance is made to vibrate (idiophones) and instruments that include a tight membrane that vibrates (membranophones). Percussion instruments may produce tones of definite or indefinite pitch. Their primary function is often rhythmic, but many are used as melody instruments. They include the bell, carillon, cymbal, drum, dulcimer, gamelan, glockenspiel, marimba, piano, steel drum, tabla, tambourine, timpani, vibraphone, and xylophone.

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A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being hit with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. The term usually applies to an object used in a rhythmic context or with musical intent.

The word "percussion" has evolved from Latin terms: "percussio" (which translates as "to beat, strike" in the musical sense, rather than the violent action), and "percussus" (which is a noun meaning "a beating"). As a noun in contemporary English it is described at percussion as "the collision of two bodies to produce a sound". The usage of the term is not unique to music but has application in medicine and weaponry, as in percussion cap, but all known and common uses of the word, "percussion", appear to share a similar lineage beginning with the original Latin: "percussus". In a musical context then, the term "percussion instruments" may have been coined originally to describe a family of instruments including drums, rattles, metal plates, or wooden blocks which musicians would beat or strike (as in a collision) to produce sound.

History

Anthropologists and historians often speculate that percussion instruments were the first musical devices ever created. The human voice was probably the first musical instrument, but percussion instruments such as hands and feet, then sticks, rocks, and logs were almost certainly the next steps in the evolution of music.

The earliest percussion instruments were our hands and feet, then "found" objects such as sticks, logs, and hips. As human communities developed tools for hunting and eventually agriculture, their skill and technology enabled them to craft more complex instruments. For example, a simple log may have been carved to produce louder tones (a log drum) and instruments may have been combined to produce multiple tones (as in a 'set' of log drums).

Classifications

Percussion instruments are classified by various criteria sometimes depending on their construction, ethnic origin, function within musical theory and orchestration, or their relative prevalence in common knowledge.

Percussion instruments are sometimes classified as being "pitched" or "unpitched." While valid, this classification is widely seen as inadequate. Rather, it may be more informative to describe percussion instruments in regards to one or more of the following four paradigms:

By methods of sound production

Many texts, including Teaching Percussion by Gary Cook of the University of Arizona, begin by studying the physical characteristics of instruments and the methods by which they produce sound. This is perhaps the most scientifically pleasing assignment of nomenclature whereas the other paradigms are more dependent on historical or social circumstances. Based on observation and experimentation, one can determine how an instrument produces sound and then assign the instrument to one of the following five categories:

Idiophone

"Idiophones produce sounds through the vibration of their entire body." Examples of idiophones:

• Bells
• Bock-a-da-bock
• Celesta
• Chimes
• Cymbals
• Hi-hat
• Marimba
• Singing bowls
• Slit drum
• Suspended Cymbal
• Triangle
• Vibraphone
• Wood block
• Xylophone

Membranophone

Most objects commonly known as "drums" are membranophones. "Membranophones produce sound when the membrane or head is put into motion."

Examples of membranophones:

• Snare drum
• Tom-tom
• Bass drum
• Timpani
• bongos
• Conga
• The lion's roar and the cuíca, which are not struck like other drums, produce sound by drawing a string or stick through an opening in the membrane. The lion's roar is sometimes classified as a chordophone, but this is inaccurate because the membrane produces the sound, not the string.
• Wind machines: A wind machine in this context is not a wind tunnel and therefore not an aerophone. Instead, it is an apparatus (often used in theatre as a sound effect) in which a sheet of canvas (a membrane) is rubbed against a screen or resonator; this action produces a sound which resembles the blowing of wind.

Chordophone

Most instruments known as "chordophones" are defined as string instruments, but some such as these examples are percussion instruments also.

• Hammered dulcimer
• Piano

Aerophone

Most instruments known as "aerophones" are defined as wind instruments such as a saxophone whereby sound is produced by a person or thing blowing air through the object. However, the following example instruments, if played at all in a musical context, are played by the percussionists in an ensemble. Examples of aerophones:

• Whips
• Siren
• Pistols: The explosion of hot expanding gases from the muzzle of a starter pistol produces sound.

Electrophone

Electrophones are also percussion instruments. In the strictest sense, all electrophones require a loudspeaker (an idiophone or some other means to push air and create sound waves). This, if for no other argument, is sufficient to assign electrophones to the percussion family. Moreover, many composers have used the following example instruments and they are most often performed by percussionists in an ensemble. Examples of electrophones:

• Computers and MIDI instruments (i.e. drum machines or zendrums)
• Theremin

By musical function or orchestration

When classifying instruments by function it is useful to note if a percussion instrument makes a definite pitch or indefinite pitch.

For example, some percussion instruments (such as the marimba and timpani) produce an obvious fundamental pitch and can therefore play melody and serve harmonic functions in music. Other instruments (such as crash cymbals and snare drums) produce sounds with such complex overtones and a wide range of prominent frequencies that no pitch is discernible.

Definite pitch

Percussion instruments in this group are sometimes referred to as "pitched" or "tuned".

Examples of percussion instruments with definite pitch:

• Crotales
• Glass harp
• Glass harmonica
• Glockenspiel
• Marimba
• Steelpan
• Tubular bells
• Timpani
• Tuned Triangle
• Vibraphone
• Xylophone
• Xylo-marimba

Indefinite pitch

Instruments in this group are sometimes referred to as "non-pitched", "unpitched", or "untuned". This phenomenon occurs when the resultant sound of the instrument contains complex frequencies through which no discernible pitch can be heard.

Examples of percussion instruments with indefinite pitch:

• Anvil
• Bass drum
• Castanets
• Cymbals
• Tamtam
• Snare drum
• Tom-tom
• Whistles
• Wind chimes

By prevalence in common knowledge

Although it is difficult to define what is "common knowledge", there are instruments in use by percussionists and composers in contemporary music which are certainly not considered by most to be musical instruments of any kind. Therefore, it is worthwhile to try to make distinction between instruments based on their acceptance or consideration by a general audience.

For example, it is safe to argue that most people would not consider an anvil, a brake drum (the circular hub on modern vehicles which houses the brakes), or a fifty-five gallon oil barrel to be musical instruments, yet these objects are used regularly by composers and percussionists of modern music.

One might assign various percussion instruments to one of the following categories:

Conventional or popular

• Drum kit
• Gong
• Tambourine

Unconventional

(Sometimes referred to as "found" instruments)

• Brooms
• Clay pots
• Five gallon buckets
• Garbage cans
• Metal pipes
• Plastic bag
• Shopping carts
• Spokes on a bicycle wheel

John Cage, Harry Partch, Edgard Varèse, and Peter Schickele, all noted composers, created entire pieces of music using unconventional instruments. Beginning in the early 20th century, perhaps with Ionisation by Edgard Varèse which used air-raid sirens (among other things), composers began to require percussionists to invent or "find" objects to produce the desired sounds and textures. By late 20th century, such instruments had become common in modern percussion ensemble music and popular productions, such as the off-Broadway show, Stomp.

By cultural significance or tradition

It is not uncommon to discuss percussion instruments in relation to their cultural origin. This has led to a division between instruments which are considered "common" or "modern," and folk instruments which have a significant history or purpose within a geographic region or cultural group.

Folk percussion instruments

• Berimbau
• bodhrán
• Bombo legüero
• Cajon
• Dhol
• Dholak
• Djembe
• Gamelan
• Kpanlogo
• Latin percussion
• Marimbula
• Pogo cello
• Steelpan
• Tabla
• Thavil
• Urumee
• Udukai
• Mridangam
• Taiko
• Timbal
• Tonbak

"Common" drums

This category includes instruments which are widely available and popular throughout the world:

• Drum kit
• Marching percussion instruments
• Orchestral percussion instruments

Function

Percussion instruments play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony.

Percussion is commonly referred to as "the backbone" or "the heartbeat" of a musical ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments, when present. In jazz and other popular music ensembles, the bassist and the drummer are often referred to as the rhythm section. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, and brass. However, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, other percussion instruments (like the triangle or cymbals) have been used, again relatively sparingly in general. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the twentieth century classical music.

In almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In military marching bands and pipes and drums, it is the beat of the bass drum that keeps the soldiers in step and at a regular speed, and it is the snare that provides that crisp, decisive air to the tune of a regiment. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the distinctive rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word "swing" is spoken. In more recent popular music culture, it is almost impossible to name three or four rock, hip-hop, rap, funk or even soul charts or songs that do not have some sort of percussive beat keeping the tune in time.

Because of the diversity of percussive instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody and harmony are all apparent and alive in these musical groups, and in live performance they are quite a sight to see.

Percussion notation

Music for pitched percussion instruments can be notated on a staff with the same treble and bass clefs used by many non-percussive instruments. Music for percussive instruments without a definite pitch can be notated with a specialist rhythm or percussion-clef; More often a treble clef (or sometimes a bass clef) is substituted for rhythm clef.

Names for percussionists

The general term for a musician who plays percussion instruments is "percussionist" but the terms listed below are often used to describe a person's specialties:

• balafonist: a balafon player
• bombisto: a bombo legüero player
• bongocerro: someone who plays bongos and usually cencerro (a cow bell)
• congalero, conguero: someone who plays congas
• cymbalist: someone who plays cymbals
• drummer: a term usually used to describe someone who plays the drumset, hand drums or a single drum such as Snare drum.
• marimbist, marimbero: a marimba player
• panman, pannist: a steelpan player
• timbalero, timbero: someone who plays timbales
• timpanist: a timpani player
• vibraphonist: a vibraphone player
• xylophonist: a xylophone player
• pianist: a piano player

See also

• Beatboxing
• Bock-a-da-bock
• Drum
• Drum beat (including a list of drum beats)
• Drum Corps International
• Drumline
• drum kit
• Electronic drum
• GOCOO (a Japanese drumming band)
• Hand percussion
• Klopotec
• Latin percussion
• List of percussion instruments
• List of percussionists
• Musical Stones of Skiddaw
• Orchestral percussion
• Percussion notation
• Percussive Arts Society
• Pipes and Drums Corps
• Stomp dance troupe
• Vocal percussion
• Wadaiko Yamato (a Japanese taiko band)

Notes and references

Further reading

• James Blades, Percussion Instruments and Their History, (1970).
• Shen, Sinyan , Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells, Scientific American, 256, 94 (1987).

External links

• Brazilian Samba Percussion Instruments (Brasilando.com)
• pas.org – Percussive Arts Society
• - Percussion Creativ e.V - The European Drum Community -
• Drumdojo.com The Percussionsts' Resource – All Percussion instruments
• PercUp.org Percussion Resource – Perc Up! Percussion Music Education and Clinics
• Dave's Percussion Library Online – Information about music for percussion instruments
• PercussionMedia – Huge archive of percussion videos
• Royalschoolsources Percussion Page – Online sources for the prescribed music of the Royal Schools of Music practical exams
• The Rhythmic Arts Project – Non-profit educational program using drums and percussion to help people with disabilities.
• Indian Music Guru, South Indian Percussion – Bringing the Art and Technology of Indian Music to the World.
• Babel Audio - Free Samples of Percussion Instruments – Free audio samples of ethnic percussion instruments for musicians and sound designers.
• Fair Trade Percussion Instruments – Ethnic Fair Trade Percussion Music Instrument Resource.
• Percussion Instrument Sound Effects – Free Percussion Instrument Sound Effects to download.