the respiratory apparatus ()

• Apparatus Respiratorius; Respiratory system
• Respiratory apparatus: development of:
• laryngo-tracheal tube
• lung buds
• arytenoid swellings
• furcula of His

the larynx ()

• Larynx

Cartilages of the larynx (cartilagines laryngis)

• Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyreoidea)
• laryngeal prominence (pomum Adami)
• superior thyroid notch
• oblique line

• Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyreoidea)
• intrathyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage (cartilago cricoidea)
• posterior quadrate lamina (lamina cartilaginis cricoideæ; posterior portion)
• arch (arcus cartilaginis cricoideæ; anterior portion)

• Arytenoid cartilages (cartilagines arytænoideæ)
• colliculus
• crista arcuata
• Corniculate cartilages (cartilagines corniculatæ; cartilages of Santorini)
• Cuneiform cartilages (cartilagines cuneiformes; cartilages of Wrisberg)
• Epiglottis (cartilago epiglottica)
• glossoepiglottic folds
• valleculae

Ligaments

• Extrinsic Ligaments
• Hyothyroid membrane (membrana hyothyreoidea; thyrohyoid membrane)

• Extrinsic Ligaments
• middle hyothyroid ligament (ligamentum hyothyreoideum medium; middle thyrohyoid ligament)
• Lateral hyothyroid ligament (ligamentum hyothyreoideum laterale; lateral thyrohyoid ligament)
• hyoepiglottic ligament (ligamentum hyoepiglotticum)
• Cricotracheal ligament (ligamentum cricotracheale)
• Intrinsic Ligaments
• elastic membrane of the larynx

• Intrinsic Ligaments
• Conus elasticus (cricothyroid membrane)
• anterior part or middle cricothyroid ligament (ligamentum cricothyreoideum medium; central part of cricothyroid membrane)
• posterior cricoarytenoid ligament (ligamentum cricoarytenoideum posterius)
• thyroepiglottic ligament (ligamentum thyreoepiglotticum)

Interior of the Larynx

• cavity of the larynx (cavum laryngis)
• rima glottidis
• vestibule of larynx
• ventricles of the larynx

• entrance of the larynx
• aryepiglottic fold
• cuneiform tubercle
• Ventricular folds (plicœ ventriculares; superior or false vocal cords)
• ventricular ligament
• Vocal folds (plicœ vocales; inferior or true vocal cords)
• vocal ligaments (ligamenta vocales; inferior thyroarytenoid)

• Ventricle of the larynx (ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii]; laryngeal sinus)
• appendix of the laryngeal ventricle (appendix ventriculi laryngis; laryngeal saccule)
• Rima glottidis

Muscles

• Cricothyreoideus (Cricothyroid)

• Cricoarytænoideus posterior (posterior cricoarytenoid)
• Cricoarytænoideus lateralis (lateral cricoarytenoid)
• Arytænoideus
• Arytænoideus obliquus

• Arytænoideus
• Aryepiglotticus
• Arytænoideus transversus
• Thyreoarytænoideus (Thyroarytenoid)
• Vocalis
• Thyreoepiglotticus
• Ventricularis

Glands

• arytenoid glands

the trachea and bronchi ()

• trachea or windpipe

• Right bronchus (bronchus dexter)
• eparterial branch
• hyparterial branch
• Left bronchus (bronchus sinister)

• cartilages of the trachea

• transverse fibers (Trachealis muscle)

the pleurae ()

• pleura - by layer
• pulmonary pleura
• parietal pleura

• pleura - by layer
• pleural cavity
• pleura - by position
• costal pleura
• diaphragmatic pleura
• cupula of the pleura (cervical pleura)
• mediastinal pleura
• Reflections of the Pleura
• posterior mediastinum
• pulmonary ligament

• Reflections of the Pleura
• pericardial pleura
• Sibson's fascia
• phrenicocostal sinus

• Reflections of the Pleura
• costomediastinal sinus
• Pulmonary ligament (ligamentum pulmonale; ligamentum latum pulmonis)

the mediastinum ()

• Interpleural space
• mediastinum
• superior mediastinum

• lower portion
• Anterior mediastinum
• Middle mediastinum

• lower portion
• Posterior mediastinum

the lungs ()

• Lungs (Pulmones)

• Apex pulmonis
• Basis pulmonis
• Surfaces
• costal surface (facies costalis; external or thoracic surface)

• Surfaces
• mediastinal surface (facies mediastinalis; inner surface)
• cardiac impression
• hilum of lung

• Borders
• inferior border of lung (margo inferior)
• posterior border of lung (margo posterior)
• anterior border of lung (margo anterior)
• cardiac notch
• Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
• left lung
• superior lobe
• inferior lobe

• Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
• right lung
• superior lobe
• middle lobe
• inferior lobe
• Root of the lung (radix pulmonis)
• Divisions of the Bronchi
• right bronchus
• eparterial bronchus
• hyparterial bronchi
• left bronchus

• Structure
• intrapulmonary bronchi
• lobular bronchioles
• respiratory bronchioles
• alveolar ducts
• Atria of bronchi
• alveolar sacs
• alveoli or air sacs

• Structure
• alveoli

• Vessels and Nerves
• pulmonary artery
• pulmonary capillaries
• pulmonary veins
• bronchial arteries
• bronchial vein

the digestive apparatus ()

• Digestive tube (alimentary canal)

• Development of the Digestive tube
• fore-gut
• hind-gut

• Mouth
• stomodeum

• Mouth
• primary labial groove
• secondary labial groove
• lateral swellings

• Salivary glands
• Tongue
• tuberculum impar

• Tongue
• furcula
• copula
• foramen cecum

• Palatine tonsils
• Further Development of the Digestive tube
• yolk-stalk or vitelline duct
• ventral mesogastrium
• posterior common mesentery
• dorsal mesogastrium

• Further Development of the Digestive tube
• mesocolon

• Further Development of the Digestive tube
• bursa omentalis
• foramen epiploicum or foramen of Winslow

• Further Development of the Digestive tube
• ventral mesogastrium

• Rectum and Anal canal

• The Rectum and Anal Canal
• entodermal cloaca
• cloacal membrane
• ectodermal cloaca
• urorectal septum
• cloacal duct

• The Rectum and Anal Canal
• proctodeum
• anal membrane
• post-anal gut

the mouth ()

• cavity of the mouth
• vestibule (vestibulum oris)
• rima
• Mouth cavity proper (cavum oris proprium)
• isthmus faucium
• mucous membrane

• Lips (labia oris)
• frenulum
• Labial glands (glandulœ labiales)

• Cheeks (buccæ)
• mucous membrane
• molar glands
• Gums (gingivœ)
• Palate (palatum)
• Hard palate (palatum durum)
• Soft palate (palatum molle)
• palatine velum
• palatine uvula
• pillars of the fauces

Teeth (dentes)

• deciduous teeth

• permanent teeth

• General characteristics of teeth
• crown
• root
• neck
• surfaces of a tooth
• buccal surface
• lingual surface
• surfaces of contact
• dental arches

• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
• Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or cutting teeth)

• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
• Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or cutting teeth)
• crown
• basal ridge (Cingulum)
• Canine teeth (dentes canini)

• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
• Canine teeth (dentes canini)
• upper canine teeth (eye teeth)
• lower canine teeth (stomach teeth)

• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
• Premolars or Bicuspid teeth (dentes præmolares)
• Molar teeth (dentes molares)
• multicuspids
• dens serotinus or wisdom-tooth
• Deciduous teeth (dentes decidui; temporary or milk teeth)
• Structure of the teeth
• pulp cavity
• dental pulp
• odontoblasts of Waldeyer

• Structure of the teeth
• enamel
• cement (crusta petrosa)
• dentin (substantia eburnea; ivory)
• dental canaliculi (dentinal tubules)
• dentinal sheath of Neumann
• Tomes' fibers or dentinal fibers

• Structure of the teeth
• matrix (intertubular dentin)
• incremental lines of Salter
• interglobular spaces
• granular layer
• lines of Schreger
• enamel (substantia adamantina)
• enamel fibers or enamel prisms (prismata adamantina)
• parallel striae (colored lines of Retzius)
• crusta petrosa or cement (substantia ossea)

• Development of the deciduous teeth
• labiodental lamina
• dental lamina
• common dental germ
• dental furrow
• special dental germs

• Development of the deciduous teeth
• enamel cells (adamantoblasts)
• external enamel epithelium
• enamel organ
• Formation of the Enamel
• enamel droplet
• cuticula dentis (Nasmyth's membrane)
• Formation of the Dentin
• dental sac
• odontoblasts
• prodentin
• dentinal fibers (Tomes' fibers)

• Development of the deciduous teeth
• Formation of the Cement
• epithelial sheath
• Formation of the Alveoli
• gubernaculum dentis
• Development of the Permanent teeth
• successional permanent teeth
• superadded permanent teeth

Tongue (lingua)

• Root (radix linguae base)
• Apex (apex linguae tip)
• Inferior Surface (facies inferior linguae under surface)
• frenulum linguæ
• plica fimbriata
• Dorsum of the tongue (dorsum linguæ)
• median sulcus
• foramen cecum
• sulcus terminalis

• Dorsum of the tongue (dorsum linguæ)
• lingual tonsil
• Papillae of the tongue
• papillae vallatae (circumvallate papillae)
• papillae fungiformes (fungiform papillae)

• Papillae of the tongue
• papillae filiformes (filiform papillae)

• Papillae of the tongue
• papillae conicae (conical papilae)
• papillae simplices

• Extrinsic muscles of tongue
• Genioglossus (Geniohyoglossus)
• Hyoglossus

• Extrinsic muscles of tongue
• Chondroglossus
• Styloglossus
• intrinsic muscles of tongue
• Longitudinalis linguæ superior (Superior lingualis)
• Longitudinalis linguæ inferior (Inferior lingualis)
• Transversus linguæ (Transverse lingualis)

• intrinsic muscles of tongue
• Verticalis linguæ (Vertical lingualis)
• Structure of the Tongue
• mucous membrane (tunica mucosa linguae)
• lingual tonsil
• papillae
• mucosa
• corium
• Glands of the tongue
• mucous glands
• serous glands

• Septum of tongue
• hyoglossal membrane
• Taste-buds
• papilla foliata
• Vessels and Nerves
• lingual branch of the external carotid artery, external maxillary artery and ascending pharyngeal artery
• internal jugular vein
• sensory nerves of the tongue
• lingual branch of the mandibular nerve
• chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
• lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
• superior laryngeal nerve

Salivary glands

• Salivary glands
• Parotid gland (glandula parotis)

• Parotid gland (glandula parotis)
• accessory part (socia parotidis)
• parotid duct (ductus parotideus; Stensen's duct)

• Submaxillary gland (glandula submaxillaris)
• submaxillary duct (ductus submaxillaris; Wharton's duct)

• Sublingual gland (glandula sublingualis)
• smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus)
• plica sublingualis
• larger sublingual duct (duct of Bartholin)
• Structure of the Salivary Glands
• mucous alveoli
• crescents of Gianuzzi
• demilunes of Heidenhain
• serous alveoli

• Structure of the Salivary Glands
• Langley's ganglion
• accessory glands

the fauces ()

• isthmus faucium
• glossopalatine arch (arcus glossopalatinus; anterior pillar of fauces)
• pharyngopalatine arch (arcus pharyngopalatinus; posterior pillar of fauces)
• Palatine tonsils (tonsillae palatinae tonsil)

• Palatine tonsils (tonsillae palatinae tonsil)
• supratonsillar fossa
• plica semilunaris
• plica triangularis
• tonsillar sinus
• medial surface of the tonsil
• lateral or deep surface of the tonsil
• lingual tonsil

• palatine aponeurosis
• Muscles of the palate
• Levator veli palatini (Levator palati)
• Tensor veli palatini (Tensor palati)
• Musculus uvulae (Azygos uvulae)
• Glossopalatinus (Palatoglossus)
• Pharyngopalatinus (Palatopharyngeus)

• Muscles of the palate
• Pharyngopalatinus (Palatopharyngeus)
• posterior fasciculus
• anterior fasciculus

• mucous membrane of the soft palate

the pharynx ()

• pharynx
• pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmüller)
• Nasal part of the pharynx (pars nasalis pharyngis; nasopharynx)
• pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube
• torus or cushion

• Nasal part of the pharynx (pars nasalis pharyngis; nasopharynx)
• salpingopharyngeal fold
• salpingopalatine fold
• pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmüller)
• pharyngeal tonsil
• pharyngeal bursa
• Oral part of the pharynx (pars oralis pharyngis)
• palatine tonsil
• Laryngeal part of the pharynx (pars laryngea pharyngis)
• sinus piriformis
• Muscles of the pharynx
• Constrictor pharyngis inferior (Inferior constrictor)

• Muscles of the pharynx
• Constrictor pharyngis medius (Middle constrictor)
• Constrictor pharyngis superior (Superior constrictor)
• sinus of Morgagni
• Stylopharyngeus
• Salpingopharyngeus
• Structure
• pharyngeal aponeurosis, or fibrous coat
• mucous coat

the esophagus ()

• Esophagus or Gullet

• Relations
• cervical portion of the esophagus
• thoracic portion of the esophagus

• Relations
• abdominal portion of the esophagus
• antrum cardiacum
• Structure
• muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
• areolar or submucous coat (tela submucosa)
• mucous coat (tunica mucosa)
• muscularis mucosae
• esophageal glands (glandulae aesophageæ)

the abdomen ()

• abdomen
• diaphragm of the pelvis
• abdomen proper
• Apertures in the Walls of the Abdomen
• umbilical
• vena caval opening
• aortic hiatus
• esophageal hiatus
• Regions of the abdomen
• Transpyloric plane
• intertubercular plane

• Regions of the abdomen
• hypogastric zones

• Regions of the abdomen
• epigastric region
• right and left hypochondriac region
• umbilical region
• hypogastric or pubic region
• right and left iliac or inguinal region
• pelvis
• greater omentum
• Peritoneum (Tunica serosa)

• Peritoneum (Tunica serosa)
• visceral peritoneum
• parietal peritoneum
• subserous areolar tissue
• peritoneal cavity
• omental bursa
• epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)

Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)

• Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)
• ligamentum teres (obliterated umbilical vein)
• falciform ligament of the liver
• superior layer of the coronary ligament
• superior layer of the left triangular ligament
• inferior layer of the coronary ligament
• hepatorenal ligament
• bare area of the liver

• Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)
• right triangular ligament
• inferior layer of the left triangular ligament
• hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament
• lesser omentum
• gastrocolic ligament or greater omentum
• transverse mesocolon
• mesentery
• sigmoid mesocolon

• Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)
• rectovesical excavation
• rectouterine excavation (pouch of Douglas)
• vesicouterine excavation
• broad ligaments of the uterus

Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)

• Vertical Disposition of the Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)

• Vertical Disposition of the Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)
• gastrocolic ligament or greater omentum
• Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
• In the Pelvis
• sigmoid mesocolon

Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum

• Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
• In the Pelvis
• sigmoid mesocolon
• pararectal fossa
• rectovesical or sacrogenital folds
• paravesical fossa
• plica vesicalis transversa
• torus uterinus
• ovarian fossa

• Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
• In the Lower Abdomen
• mesentery
• In the Upper Abdomen
• phrenicolienal ligament
• gastrolienal ligament
• Omental bursa (bursa omentalis; lesser peritoneal sac)

• epiploic foramen (foramen epiploicum; foramen of Winslow)
• omental bursa
• vestibule
• gastropancreatic fold
• superior omental recess
• lienal recess
• inferior omental recess
• omenta
• lesser omentum (omentum minus; small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum)

• omenta
• lesser omentum (omentum minus; small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum)
• hepatogastric ligament
• hepatoduodenal ligament
• fibrous capsule (Glisson’s capsule)
• greater omentum (omentum majus; great omentum; gastrocolic omentum)
• mesenteries
• mesentery proper (mesenterium)
• root of the mesentery
• transverse mesocolon (mesocolon transversum)
• sigmoid mesocolon (mesocolon sigmoideum)

• phrenicocolic ligament
• sustentaculum lienis
• appendices epiploicæ

Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)

• Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)

• Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)
• Duodenal fossæ
• inferior duodenal fossa
• duodenomesocolic fold
• superior duodenal fossa
• duodenojejunal fold
• duodenojejunal fossa

• Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)
• Cecal fossæ (pericecal folds or fossæ)
• superior ileocecal fossa
• inferior ileocecal fossa
• ileocecal fold of peritoneum (bloodless fold of Treves)
• cecal fossa

• Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)
• Cecal fossæ (pericecal folds or fossæ)
• retrocecal fossæ
• intersigmoid fossa (recessus intersigmoideus)

the stomach ()

• stomach
• Openings
• cardiac orifice

• Openings
• cardiac orifice
• incisura cardiaca
• pyloric orifice
• duodenopyloric constriction
• Curvatures
• lesser curvature (curvatura ventriculi minor)
• incisura angularis
• greater curvature (curvatura ventriculi major)
• pyloric part
• sulcus intermedius
• pyloric antrum
• Surfaces
• Antero-superior surface
• Postero-inferior surface
• stomach bed
• gastrophrenic ligament

• Component Parts of the Stomach
• pyloric portion
• fundus
• pyloric antrum

• Component Parts of the Stomach
• pyloric valve (valvula pylori)
• Structure (layers)
• serous coat (tunica serosa)
• muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
• longitudinal fibers (stratum longitudinale)

• Structure (layers)
• circular fibers (stratum circulare)

• Structure (layers)
• oblique fibers (fibræ obliquæ)
• areolar or submucous coat (tela submucosa)
• mucous membrane (tunica mucosa)
• Gastric glands
• pyloric glands
• cardiac glands
• fundus glands

• Gastric glands
• chief cells or central cells
• parietal cells or oxyntic cells
• lenticular glands

the small intestine ()

• small intestine
• Duodenum

• Duodenum
• superior portion (pars superior; first portion)
• descending portion (pars descendens; second portion)

• Duodenum
• horizontal portion (pars horizontalis; third or preaortic or transverse portion)
• ascending portion (pars ascendens; fourth portion)
• duodenojejunal flexure
• Jejunum (intestinum jejunum)
• circular folds (valvulæ conniventes)

• Ileum (intestinum ileum)
• mesentery

• Meckel's diverticulum (diverticulum ilei)

• structures of the small intestines
• circular folds (plicæ circulares [Kerkringi]; valvulæ conniventes; valves of Kerkring)

• structures of the small intestines
• intestinal villi (villi intestinales)
• intestinal glands (glandulæ intestinales; crypts of Lieberkühn)

• structures of the small intestines
• duodenal glands (glandulæ duodenales; Brunner's glands)
• solitary lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatici solitarii; solitary glands)
• aggregated lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatici aggregati; Peyer's patches; Peyer's glands; agminated follicles; tonsillæ intestinales)

• nerves of the small intestines
• myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus)
• plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus)

the large intestine ()

• large intestine (Intestinum Crassum)
• Cecum (intestinum cæcum)
• caput cæcum coli

• Vermiform process or Appendix (processus vermiformis)

• Colic valve (valvula coli; ileocecal valve)
• frenula of the valve

• Colon
• Ascending colon (colon ascendens)
• colic impression
• right colic flexure or hepatic flexure
• Transverse colon (colon transversum)
• left colic flexure or splenic flexure

• Transverse colon (colon transversum)
• transverse mesocolon
• left colic or splenic flexure
• phrenicocolic ligament
• Descending colon (colon descendens)

• Descending colon (colon descendens)
• Iliac colon
• Sigmoid colon (colon sigmoideum; pelvic colon; sigmoid flexure)
• sigmoid mesocolon

• Rectum (intestinum rectum)
• rectal ampulla
• Houston's valves

• Anal canal (pars analis recti)

• Anal canal (pars analis recti)
• anococcygeal body
• perineal body
• rectal columns
• rectal sinuses
• anal valves
• Structure of the colon

• Structure of the colon
• appendices epiploicæ
• longitudinal bands or tæniæ
• Rectococcygeal muscles

• Structure of the colon
• solitary lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatic solitarii)
• Vessels and Nerves
• hemorrhoidal plexus
• Congenital hernia

the liver ()

• Liver (Hepar)
• bile

Surfaces of liver

• superior surface (facies superior)
• inferior surface (facies inferior; visceral surface)
• gastric impression
• tuber omentale
• quadrate lobe
• colic impression
• renal impression

• inferior surface (facies inferior; visceral surface)
• duodenal impression
• caudate process
• posterior surface (facies posterior)

• posterior surface (facies posterior)
• suprarenal impression
• caudate lobe
• caudate process
• papillary process
• anterior border (margo anterior)
• umbilical notch
• left extremity of the liver

Fossæ

• left sagittal fossa (fossa sagittalis sinistra; longitudinal fissure)
• fossa for the umbilical vein
• pons hepatis
• fossa for the ductus venosus
• ligamentum venosum
• porta or transverse fissure (porta hepatis)
• fossa for the gall-bladder (fossa vesicæ felleæ)
• fossa for the inferior vena cava (fossa venæ cavæ)

Lobes

• right lobe (lobus hepatis dexter)

• quadrate lobe (lobus quadratus)
• caudate lobe (lobus caudatus; Spigelian lobe)
• caudate process
• left lobe (lobus hepatis sinister)

Ligaments

• falciform ligament (ligamentum falciforme hepatis)
• coronary ligament (ligamentum coronarium hepatis)
• hepatorenal ligament
• right triangular ligament (ligamentum triangulare dextrum)

• left triangular ligament (ligamentum triangulare sinistrum)
• round ligament (ligamentum teres hepatis)
• septum transversum

Development of liver

• hepatic cylinders
• sinusoids

Vessels and Nerves

• hepatic artery
• portal vein
• fibrous capsule of Glisson
• hepatic veins
• lymphatic vessels

Structure of the Liver

• serous coat (tunica serosa)
• fibrous coat (capsula fibrosa; areolar coat)
• lobules (lobuli hepatis)
• interlobular plexus

Microscopic Appearance

• intralobular vein
• sublobular veins
• hepatic artery
• vaginal branches
• capsular branches
• interlobular branches
• portal vein
• interlobular plexus

• intralobular vein
• sublobular vein
• bile ducts
• intercellular biliary passages (bile capillaries)

Excretory Apparatus of the Liver

• hepatic duct (ductus hepaticus)
• gallbladder (vesica fellea)
• fundus

• gallbladder (vesica fellea)
• Structure of gallbladder
• external or serous coat (tunica serosa vesicæ felleæ)
• fibromuscular coat (tunica muscularis vesicæ felleæ)
• internal or mucous coat (tunica mucosa vesicæ felleæ)
• Cystic duct (ductus cysticus)
• Common bile duct (ductus choledochus)

• ampulla of Vater

the pancreas ()

• pancreas
• pancreatic juice

• Relations
• Head of pancreas
• uncinate process

• Head of pancreas
• Anterior surface of pancreas
• Posterior surface of pancreas
• Neck of pancreas
• Body of pancreas (corpus pancreatis)
• anterior surface of pancreas (facies anterior)
• tuber omentale
• posterior surface of pancreas (facies posterior)
• inferior surface of pancreas (facies inferior)
• superior border (margo superior)
• anterior border (margo anterior)
• inferior border (margo inferior)
• Tail of pancreas (cauda pancreatis)

• Pancreatic duct (ductus pancreaticus; duct of Wirsung)
• accessory pancreatic duct (duct of Santorini)
• Development

• Development
• accessory pancreatic duct
• pancreatic duct
• Structure

• Structure
• centroacinar cells of Langerhans
• paranucleus
• interalveolar cell islets (islands of Langerhans)
• Vessels and Nerves

the urogenital apparatus

development of the urinary and generative organs ()

• urinary organs
• genital organs

• The Pronephros and Wolffian Duct
• pronephric duct
• Wolffian duct
• pronephros

• The Mesonephros, Müllerian Duct, and Genital Gland
• Wolffian tubules
• mesonephros (Wolffian body)

• The Mesonephros, Müllerian Duct, and Genital Gland
• urogenital fold
• epoöphoron or organ of Rosenmüller
• paroöphoron
• duct of Gärtner

• Müllerian ducts

• Müllerian ducts
• genital cord
• Müllerian eminence
• appendices testis (hydatids of Morgagni)

• Genital glands
• genital ridge
• mesorchium or mesovarium

• Ovary
• germinal epithelium
• primitive ova
• genital cords

• Ovary
• germinal path

• Testis
• Descent of the Testes
• mesorchium
• inguinal fold
• inguinal crest

• Descent of the Testes
• gubernaculum testis
• plica vascularis
• plica gubernatrix
• saccus vaginalis
• tunica vaginalis

• Descent of the Ovaries
• canal of Nuck

• The Metanephros and the Permanent Kidney
• Metanephros

• Urinary bladder
• vesico-urethral portion
• pelvic portion

• Urinary bladder
• phallic portion
• urogenital sinus
• medial umbilical ligament (urachus)

• Prostate
• Skene's ducts
• bulbo-urethral glands of Cowper
• greater vestibular glands of Bartholin

• External organs of generation
• cloacal tubercle
• phallus
• genital tubercle

• External organs of generation
• genital swellings
• corpora cavernosa

• External organs of generation
• prepuce

• Urethra
• urethral plate
• primitive urogenital ostium

the urinary organs

the kidneys ()

• kidneys
• ureters
• urinary bladder
• urethra
• kidneys
• Relations
• anterior surface (facies anterior)

• Relations
• Posterior surface (facies posterior)

• Borders
• lateral border (margo lateralis; external border)

• Borders
• medial border (margo medialis; internal border)
• hilum

• Extremities
• superior extremity (extremitas superior)
• inferior extremity (extremitas inferior)

• Fixation of the Kidney
• adipose capsule (Renal capsule)
• renal fascia
• paranephric body

• General Structure of the Kidney
• renal sinus
• renal calyces
• renal pelvis
• medullary substance (substantia medullaris) (Renal medulla)
• renal pyramids
• cortical substance (substantia corticalis) (Renal cortex)
• renal columns
• cortical arches

• Minute Anatomy
• renal tubules
• renal corpuscles
• glomerulus
• afferent vessel
• efferent vessel

• Minute Anatomy
• glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)

• Minute Anatomy
• renal tubules
• proximal convoluted tube
• spiral tube
• descending limb of Henle's loop
• loop of Henle
• ascending limb of Henle’s loop
• zigzag tubule
• distal convoluted tubule
• junctional tube
• straight tubes or collecting tubes
• duct of Bellini

• The Renal Bloodvessels
• inferior renal artery
• arteriae propriae renales
• interlobular arteries
• end-arteries

• The Renal Bloodvessels
• arteriæ rectæ (vasa recta)
• venae stellatae
• interlobular veins

• The Renal Bloodvessels
• venae rectae
• venae propriae renales
• renal vein
• lymphatics

the ureters ()

• ureters
• calyces
• renal pelvis

• Ureter proper
• abdominal part (pars abdominalis)
• pelvic part (pars pelvina)
• ovarian fossa

• Structure
• fibrous coat (tunica adventitia)
• muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
• mucous coat (tunica mucosa)

the urinary bladder ()

• urinary bladder
• Empty bladder
• fundus
• vertex
• superior surface
• paravesical fossa

• Empty bladder
• inferior surface
• retropubic pad
• Distended bladder

• Distended bladder
• postero-superior surface
• antero-inferior surface
• fundus
• summit
• Bladder in the Child

• Female bladder

• Ligaments
• Pubovesicales
• Rectovesicales
• middle umbilical ligament
• false ligaments of the bladder
• middle umbilical fold
• lateral umbilical folds
• Interior of the Bladder
• trigonum vesicae

• Interior of the Bladder
• torus uretericus
• plicæ uretericæ
• orifices of the ureters
• internal urethral orifice
• uvula vesicae
• Structure of the Bladder
• serous coat (tunica serosa)
• muscular coat (tunica muscularis)

• Structure of the Bladder
• muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
• Detrusor urinae muscle
• Sphincter vesicae
• muscles of the ureters
• submucous coat (tela submucosa)
• mucous coat (tunica mucosa)

the male urethra ()

• male urethra
• prostatic portion (pars prostatica)
• urethral crest
• prostatic sinus
• orifices of the prostatic ducts
• colliculus seminalis
• prostatic utricle (sinus pocularis)

• prostatic portion (pars prostatica)
• uterus masculinus
• membranous portion (pars membranacea)
• cavernous portion (pars cavernosa; penile or spongy portion)
• fossa navicularis urethrae
• external urethral orifice (orificium urethrae externum; meatus urinarius)
• lining membrane of the urethra
• urethral glands
• lacunae
• lacuna magna
• Structure
• mucous coat
• submucous tissue
• Congenital defects

the female urethra ()

• female urethra
• urethral crest

the male genital organs

the testes and their coverings ()

• Testes

• Scrotum
• Raphé of scrotum
• integument

• Scrotum
• Dartos tunic
• Intercrural fascia (intercolumnar or external spermatic fascia)
• Cremaster

• Infundibuliform fascia (tunica vaginalis communis)
• Tunica vaginalis
• Inguinal canal (canalis inguinalis)
• Spermatic cord (funiculus spermaticus)
• internal spermatic artery

• external spermatic artery
• artery of the ductus deferens

• spermatic veins
• plexus pampiniformis

• epididymis
• duct of the testis
• sinus of the epididymis (digital fossa)
• Appendages of the Testis and Epididymis
• appendix of the testis (hydatid of Morgagni)
• appendix of the epididymis (pedunculated hydatid)
• tunics
• Tunica vaginalis (tunica vaginalis propria testis)
• visceral lamina (lamina visceralis)
• parietal lamina (lamina parietalis)
• Tunica albuginea

• tunics
• Tunica albuginea
• mediastinum testis (corpus Highmori)
• Tunica vasculosa
• Structure
• lobules of testis
• tubuli seminiferi
• interstitial cells
• spermatozoa
• spermatogonia
• intermediate cells or spermatocytes
• spermatoblasts or spermatids
• spermatozoön
• supporting cells (cells of Sertoli)

• Structure
• tubuli recti
• rete testis
• ductuli efferentes
• coni vasculosi

the ductus deferens ()

• ductus deferens

• ampulla of ductus deferens
• Ductuli aberrantes
• ductulus aberrans inferior (vas aberrans of Haller)
• ductulus aberrans superior

• Paradidymis (organ of Giraldés)

the vesiculæ seminales ()

• Excretory duct of seminal gland

the ejaculatory ducts ()

• vesiculæ seminales

• ejaculatory ducts

the penis ()

• Penis

• Corpora cavernosa penis
• crura
• bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis
• septum of the penis
• septum pectiniforme
• Corpus cavernosum urethræ (corpus spongiosum)
• glans penis

• Corpus cavernosum urethræ (corpus spongiosum)
• corona glandis
• retroglandular sulcus
• root (radix penis)
• fundiform ligament
• suspensory ligament
• body (corpus penis)

• extremity
• integument
• prepuce or foreskin
• frenulum
• preputial glands
• preputial sac
• Structure of the Penis
• trabeculae
• trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis
• trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis (listed as corpus cavernosum urethrae)

• Vessels and Nerves
• helicine arteries

the prostate ()

• prostate

• base (basis prostatae)
• apex (apex prostatae)
• Surfaces
• posterior surface (facies posterior)
• middle lobe
• left lateral lobe
• isthmus
• anterior surface (facies anterior)
• lateral surfaces

• Levatores prostatae

• muscular tissue
• glandular substance
• prostatic ducts
• amyloid bodies

the bulbourethral glands ()

• Glandulæ bulbourethrales; Cowper's glands

the female genital organs ()

• internal female genital organs
• ovaries
• uterine tubes
• uterus
• vagina
• external female genital organs
• mons pubis
• labia majora et minora pudendi
• clitoris
• bulbus vestibuli
• greater vestibular glands

the ovaries ()

• ovaries
• ovarian fossa
• suspensory ligament of the ovary
• ligament of the ovary

• mesovarium
• Epoöphoron (parovarium; organ of Rosenmüller)
• ductuli transversi
• ductus longitudinalis epoöphori (duct of Gärtner)

• Paroöphoron
• Structure
• germinal epithelium of Waldeyer

• Structure
• stroma
• tunica albuginea

• Vesicular ovarian follicles (Graafian follicles)
• medullary substance (zona vasculosa of Waldeyer)
• membrana granulosa
• discus proligerus

• Discharge of the Ovum
• Corpus luteum
• Vessels and Nerves
• pampiniform plexus

the uterine tube ()

• Tuba uterina; Fallopian tube; Oviduct
• uterine tubes
• isthmus
• ampulla
• infundibulum
• abdominal ostium
• fimbriae
• ovarian fimbria
• appendices vesiculosae (hydatids of Morgagni)

the uterus ()

• Uterus (Womb)

• internal orifice of the uterus
• Body (corpus uteri)
• vesical or anterior surface (facies vesicalis)
• intestinal or posterior surface (facies intestinalis)
• fundus (fundus uteri)
• lateral margins (margo lateralis)
• broad ligament
• Cervix (cervix uteri; neck)
• supravaginal portion (portio supravaginalis cervicis)
• parametrium

• Cervix (cervix uteri; neck)
• vaginal portion (portio vaginalis cervicis)
• external orifice of the uterus
• Interior of the Uterus
• Cavity of the body (cavum uteri)
• Canal of the cervix (canalis cervicis uteri)
• palmate folds
• arbor vitae uterina
• ligaments of the uterus
• anterior ligament
• posterior ligament
• rectouterine excavation
• sacrogenital folds or rectouterine folds
• uterosacral ligaments
• two lateral or broad ligaments (ligamentum latum uteri)

• ligaments of the uterus
• two lateral or broad ligaments (ligamentum latum uteri)
• mesosalpinx
• infundibulopelvic ligament
• round ligaments (ligamentum teres uteri)
• canal of Nuck
• ligamentum transversalis colli

• structure of uterus
• serous coat (tunica serosa)
• muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
• mucous membrane (tunica mucosa)
• uterine glands
• ovula Nabothi

• nerves of uterus

the vagina ()

• vagina
• posterior fornix
• columns of the vagina
• Bulbocavernosus
• erectile tissue

the external genital organs ()

• pudendum or vulva

• Mons pubis (commissura labiorum anterior; mons Veneris)
• Labia majora (labia majora pudendi)
• pudendal cleft or rima
• anterior labial commissure
• posterior labial commissure
• perineum

• Labia minora (labia minora pudendi; nymphæ)
• frenulum of the labia or fourchette

• Labia minora (labia minora pudendi; nymphæ)
• preputium clitoridis
• frenulum of the clitoris

• Clitoris
• free extremity (glans clitoridis)

• Vestibule (vestibulum vaginæ)
• vestibule of the vagina (vestibulum vaginæ)
• external urethral orifice (orificium urethræ externum; urinary meatus)
• vaginal orifice
• hymen
• imperforate hymen
• carunculae hymenales
• navicular fossa

• Bulb of the vestibule (bulbus vestibuli; vaginal bulb)
• pars intermedia

• Greater vestibular glands (glandulæ vestibularis major [Bartholini]; Bartholin's glands)

the mammæ ()

• Mammary gland; Breasts
• mammæ
• Mammary papilla or Nipple (papilla mammæ)
• areola
• areolar glands

• tubuli lactiferi
• ampullæ
• colostrum corpuscles
• circulus venosus

the ductless glands

the thyroid gland ()

• Thyroid gland (Glandula Thyreiodea; Thyroid body)
• lobes of thyroid gland (lobuli gl. thyreoideæ)

• thyroid isthmus (isthmus gl. thyreoidea)
• pyramidal lobe
• Levator glandulæ thyreoideæ
• accessory thyroid glands (glandulæ thyreoideæ accessoriæ)
• thyroglossal duct

the parathyroid glands ()

• parathyroid glands

• ultimo-branchial bodies

the thymus ()

• thymus

• corpuscles of Hassall

the hypophysis cerebri ()

• hypophysis (pituitary body)

• Development of the Hypophysis cerebri

• pouch of Rathke
• craniopharyngeal canal

the pineal body ()

• pineal body (epiphysis)

the chromaphil and cortical systems ()

• Chromaphil or chromaffin cells

• paraganglia
• aortic glands or aortic bodies
• Suprarenal glands (Glandulæ Suprarenalis; Adrenal capsule)
• Development
• Relations
• right suprarenal
• hilum

• Relations
• left suprarenal
• accessory suprarenals (glandulæ suprarenales accessoriæ)

• Structure
• cortical portion (substantia corticalis)
• zona glomerulosa
• zona fasciculata
• zona reticularis
• medullary portion (substantia medullaris)

• Glomus caroticum (Carotid glands; Carotid bodies)
• Glomus coccygeum (Coccygeal gland or Body; Luschka's gland)

the spleen ()

• spleen (lien)
• Relations
• diaphragmatic surface (facies diaphragmatica; external or phrenic surface)
• visceral surface
• gastric surface (facies gastrica)
• hilum

• Relations
• renal surface (facies renalis)
• superior extremity (extremitas superior)
• lower extremity or colic surface (extremitas inferior)
• anterior border (margo anterior)
• posterior border (margo posterior)
• inferior border (internal border)
• phrenicolienal ligament
• gastrolienal ligament
• accessory spleens (lien accessorius; supernumerary spleen)
• Structure
• external coat or serous coat (tunica serosa)
• fibroelastic coat (tunica albuginea)
• trabeculæ

• Structure
• areolae
• splenic pulp (pulpa lienis)
• splenic cells

• Bloodvessels of the Spleen
• lienal artery
• lymphatic nodules (Malpighian bodies of the spleen)

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy