Introduction ()

• Joints or Articulations
• sutural ligament
• fibrocartilages
• cartilage
• capsules
• synovial membrane
• ligaments
• Bone
• articular lamella
• Cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage
• perichondrium

• Hyaline cartilage
• cartilage lacunae
• capsule of the space
• Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, and temporary cartilage
• Articular cartilage

• Costal cartilage
• White fibrocartilage
• Interarticular fibrocartilages (menisci)

• White fibrocartilage
• Connecting fibrocartilages
• Circumferential fibrocartilages
• Stratiform fibrocartilages
• chondrin
• chondro-mucoid
• Ligaments
• white fibrous tissue
• yellow elastic tissue
• Articular capsules
• external (stratum fibrosum)
• internal (stratum synoviale)
• fibrous capsule
• synovial membrane

• Articular capsules
• synovia
• Mucous sheaths (vaginae mucosae)
• Bursae mucosae

development of the joints ()

• Development of joints

classification of joints ()

Synarthroses (immovable articulations)

• sutura
• true suture (sutura vera)
• sutura dentata
• sutura serrata
• sutura limbosa
• false suture (sutura notha)
• sutura squamosa
• sutura harmonia
• Schindylesis
• Gomphosis
• Synchondrosis

Amphiarthroses (slightly movable articulations)

• symphysis
• syndesmosis

Diarthroses (freely movable articulations)

• articular disk or meniscus
• Ginglymus or Hinge-joint
• Trochoid or Pivot-joint (articulatio trochoidea; rotary joint)

• Condyloid articulation (articulatio ellipsoidea)
• Articulation by reciprocal reception (articulatio sellaris; saddle-joint)
• Enarthrosis (ball-and-socket joints)
• Arthrodia (gliding joints)

the kind of movement admitted in joints ()

• Gliding movement
• Angular movement
• Circumduction

• Rotation
• Ligamentous Action of Muscles

articulations of the vertebral column ()

• Articulations of vertebral bodies (intercentral ligaments)
• Anterior longitudinal ligament (ligamentum longitudinale anterius; anterior common ligament)

• Articulations of vertebral bodies (intercentral ligaments)
• Posterior longitudinal ligament (ligamentum longitudinale posterius; posterior common ligament)

• Articulations of vertebral bodies (intercentral ligaments)
• Intervertebral fibrocartilages (fibrocartilagines intervertebrales; intervertebral disks)
• annulus fibrosus
• nucleus pulposus
• Articulations of Vertebral arches

• Articulations of Vertebral arches
• Articular capsules (capsulæ articulares; capsular ligaments)
• Ligamenta flava (ligamenta subflava)
• Supraspinal ligament (ligamentum supraspinale; supraspinous ligament)
• Ligamentum nuchæ

• Articulations of Vertebral arches
• Interspinal ligaments (ligamenta interspinalia; interspinous ligaments)
• Intertransverse ligaments (ligamenta intertransversaria)
• movements permitted in the vertebral column

articulation of the atlas with the epistropheus or axis ()

• Articulatio atlantoepistrophica
• Articular capsules (capsulæ articulares; capsular ligaments)
• accessory ligament

• Anterior atlantoaxial ligament
• Posterior atlantoaxial ligament
• Transverse ligament of the atlas (ligamentum transversum atlantis)

• Transverse ligament of the atlas (ligamentum transversum atlantis)
• crus superius
• crus inferius
• cruciate ligament of the atlas

articulations of the vertebral column with the cranium ()

• Articulation of the Atlas with the Occipital Bone (articulatio atlantoöccipitalis)
• Articular capsules (capsulœ articulares; capsular ligaments)
• Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane (membrana atlantoöccipitalis anterior; anterior atlantoöccipital ligament)

• Articulation of the Atlas with the Occipital Bone (articulatio atlantoöccipitalis)
• Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane (membrana atlantoöccipitalis posterior; posterior atlantoöccipital ligament)
• Lateral ligaments
• Ligaments Connecting the Axis with the Occipital bone
• Membrana tectoria (occipitoaxial ligament)
• Alar ligaments (ligamenta alaria; odontoid ligaments)
• apical odontoid ligament
• check ligaments

articulation of the mandible ()

• Articulatio Mandibularis; Temporomandibular articulation
• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• Temporomandibular ligament (ligamentum temporomandibulare; external lateral ligament)
• Sphenomandibular ligament (ligamentum sphenomandibulare; internal lateral ligament)

• Articular disk (discus articularis; interarticular fibrocartilage; articular meniscus)
• Synovial membranes
• Stylomandibular ligament (ligamentum stylomandibulare); stylomaxillary ligament

costovertebral articulations ()

• Articulations of the Heads of the Ribs (articulationes capitulorum; costocentral articulations)
• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• Radiate ligament (ligamentum capituli costæ radiatum; anterior costovertebral or stellate ligament)

• Articulations of the Heads of the Ribs (articulationes capitulorum; costocentral articulations)
• Interarticular ligament (ligamentum capituli costæ interarticulare)
• ligamentum conjugale
• Synovial membranes
• Costotransverse articulations (articulationes costotransversariæ)

• Costotransverse articulations (articulationes costotransversariæ)
• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• Anterior costotransverse ligament (ligamentum costotransversarium anterius; anterior superior ligament)
• lumbocostal ligament
• Posterior costotransverse ligament (ligamentum costotransversarium posterius)

• Costotransverse articulations (articulationes costotransversariæ)
• Ligament of the neck of the rib (ligamentum colli costæ middle costotransverse or interosseous ligament)
• Ligament of the tubercle of the rib (ligamentum tuberculi costæ posterior costotransverse ligament)

sternocostal articulations ()

• ligaments
• Articular capsules (capsulæ articulares; capsular ligaments)
• Radiate sternocostal ligaments (ligamenta sternocostalia radiata; chondrosternal or sternocostal ligaments)
• superior fasciculi
• inferior fasciculi
• middle fasciculi

• ligaments
• Radiate sternocostal ligaments (ligamenta sternocostalia radiata; chondrosternal or sternocostal ligaments)
• membrana sterni
• Interarticular sternocostal ligament (ligamentum sternocostale interarticulare; interarticular chondrosternal ligament)

• ligaments
• Costoxiphoid ligaments (ligamenta costoxiphoidea; chondroxiphoid ligaments)
• Interchondral articulations (articulationes interchondrales; articulations of the cartilages of the ribs with each other)
• Costochondral articulations

articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum ()

• anterior and posterior intersternal ligaments
• Mechanism of the Thorax

• Vertebrosternal ribs

• Vertebrochondral ribs
• Vertebral ribs

articulation of the vertebral column with the pelvis ()

• Iliolumbar ligament (ligamentum iliolumbale)

articulations of the pelvis ()

Sacroiliac articulation

• Sacroiliac articulation (articulatio sacroiliaca)

• Anterior sacroiliac ligament (ligamentum sacroiliacum anterius)
• Posterior sacroiliac ligament (ligamentum sacroiliacum posterius)

• short posterior sacroiliac ligament
• long posterior sacroiliac ligament
• Interosseous sacroiliac ligament (ligamentum sacroiliacum interosseum)

Ligaments Connecting the Sacrum and Ischium

• Sacrotuberous ligament (ligamentum sacrotuberosum; great or posterior sacrosciatic ligament)
• falciform process
• Sacrospinous ligament (ligamentum sacrospinosum; small or anterior sacrosciatic ligament)
• greater sciatic foramen
• lesser sciatic foramen

Sacrococcygeal symphysis (symphysis sacrococcygea; articulation of the sacrum and coccyx)

• Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament (ligamentum sacrococcygeum anterius)
• Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament (ligamentum sacrococcygeum posterius)

• Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament (ligamentum sacrococcygeum laterale; intertransverse ligament)
• fibrocartilage
• Interarticular ligaments

Pubic symphysis (symphysis ossium pubis; articulation of the pubic bones)

• Anterior pubic ligament
• Posterior pubic ligament
• Superior pubic ligament (ligamentum pubicum superius)
• Arcuate pubic ligament (ligamentum arcuatum pubis; inferior pubic or subpubic ligament)

• Interpubic fibrocartilaginous lamina (lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica; interpubic disk)

articulations of the upper extremity

sternoclavicular articulation ()

• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• Anterior sternoclavicular ligament (ligamentum sternoclaviculare anterior)
• Posterior sternoclavicular ligament (ligamentum sternoclaviculare posterius)

• Interclavicular ligament (ligamentum interclaviculare)
• Costoclavicular ligament (ligamentum costoclaviculare; rhomboid ligament)
• Articular disk (discus articularis)

acromioclavicular articulation ()

• Acromioclavicular articulation
• Articulatio Acromioclavicularis; Scapuloclavicular articulation
• Superior acromioclavicular ligament (ligamentum acromioclaviculare)
• Inferior acromioclavicular ligament
• Articular disk (discus articularis)
• Coracoclavicular ligament (ligamentum coracoclaviculare)
• Trapezoid ligament (ligamentum trapezoideum)
• Conoid ligament (ligamentum conoideum)

• Coracoacromial ligament (ligamentum coracoaromiale)

• Superior transverse ligament (ligamentum transversum scapulæ superius; transverse ligament or suprascapular ligament)
• Inferior transverse ligament (ligamentum transversum scapulæ inferius; spinoglenoid ligament)

humeral articulation or shoulder-joint ()

• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)

• Coracohumeral ligament (ligamentum coracohumerale)
• Glenohumeral ligaments

• Transverse humeral ligament
• Glenoidal labrum (labrium glenoidale; glenoid ligament)

elbow-joint ()

• Articulatio cubiti
• Anterior ligament

• Posterior ligament
• Ulnar collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale ulnare; internal lateral ligament)
• Radial collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale radiale; external lateral ligament)

radioulnar articulation ()

• Proximal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris proximalis; superior radioulnar joint)
• Annular ligament (ligamentum annulare radii; orbicular ligament)
• quadrate ligament

• Proximal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris proximalis; superior radioulnar joint)
• Oblique cord (chorda obliqua; oblique ligament)
• Interosseous membrane (membrana interossea antebrachii)
• Distal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris distalis; inferior radioulnar joint)
• Volar radioulnar ligament (anterior radioulnar ligament)
• Dorsal radioulnar ligament (posterior radioulnar ligament)
• Articular disk (discus articularis; triangular fibrocartilage)

• Distal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris distalis; inferior radioulnar joint)
• recessus sacciformis

radiocarpal articulation or wrist-joint ()

• Articulatio radiocarpea
• receiving cavity
• condyle
• Volar radiocarpal ligament (ligamentum radiocarpeum volare; anterior ligament)

• Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (ligamentum radiocarpeum dorsale; posterior ligament)
• Ulnar collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale carpi ulnare; internal lateral ligament)
• Radial collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale carpi radiale; external lateral ligament)

intercarpal articulations ()

• Articulations of the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones
• Dorsal ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea dorsalia)
• Volar ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea volaria; palmar ligaments)
• Interosseous ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea interossea)

• Articulations of the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones
• pisohamate ligament
• Pisometacarpal ligament

• Articulations of the Distal Row of Carpal Bones
• Dorsal ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea dorsalia)
• Volar ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea volaria; palmar ligaments)
• Interosseous ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea interossea)

• Articulations of the Two Rows of Carpal Bones with Each Other
• Volar ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea volaria; anterior or palmar ligaments)
• Dorsal ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea dorsalia; posterior ligaments)
• Collateral ligaments (lateral ligaments)

carpometacarpal articulations ()

• Carpometacarpal articulations (Articulationes Carpometacarpeæ)
• Thumb, carpometacarpal articulation of:

• Dorsal ligaments (ligamenta carpometacarpea dorsalia)
• Volar ligaments (ligamenta carpometacarpea volaria; palmar ligaments)

intermetacarpal articulations ()

• Transverse metacarpal ligament (ligamentum capitulorum [oss. metacarpalium] transversum)

metacarpophalangeal articulations ()

• Metacarpophalangeal articulations
• Articulationes Metacarpophalangeæ; Metacarpophalangeal joints
• Volar ligaments (glenoid ligaments of Cruveilhier; palmar or vaginal ligaments)
• Collateral ligaments (ligamenta collateralia; lateral ligaments)

articulations of the digits ()

• Articulations of the digits
• Articulationes Digitorum Manus; Interphalangeal joints

articulations of the lower extremity

coxal articulation or hip-joint ()

• Coxal articulation or Hip-joint (Articulatio Coxæ)

• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• retinacula
• zona orbicularis
• iliofemoral ligament
• pubocapsular ligament
• ischiocapsular ligament

• Iliofemoral ligament (ligamentum iliofemorale; Y-ligament; ligament of Bigelow)
• iliotrochanteric ligament
• Pubocapsular ligament (ligamentum pubocapsulare; pubofemoral ligament)
• Ischiocapsular ligament (ligamentum ischiocapsulare; ischiocapsular band; ligament of Bertin)

• Ligamentum teres femoris
• Glenoidal labrum (labrum glenoidale; cotyloid ligament)
• Transverse acetabular ligament (ligamentum transversum acetabuli; transverse ligament)

• Synovial membrane

the knee-joint ()

• Knee-joint (Articulatio genu)

• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• medial patellar retinacula and lateral patellar retinacula
• Ligamentum patellae (anterior ligament)
• Oblique popliteal ligament (ligamentum popliteum obliquum; posterior ligament)

• Tibial collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale tibiale; internal lateral ligament)
• Fibular collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale fibulare; external lateral or long external lateral ligament)

• Fibular collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale fibulare; external lateral or long external lateral ligament)
• short fibular collateral ligament
• Cruciate ligaments (ligamenta cruciata genu; crucial ligaments)
• Anterior cruciate ligament (ligamentum cruciatum anterius; external crucial ligament)
• Posterior cruciate ligament (ligamentum cruciatum posterius; internal crucial ligament)
• Menisci (semilunar fibrocartilages)

• Menisci (semilunar fibrocartilages)
• medial meniscus (meniscus medialis; internal semilunar fibrocartilage)
• lateral meniscus (meniscus lateralis; external semilunar fibrocartilage)
• ligament of Wrisberg
• Transverse ligament (ligamentum transversum genu)
• coronary ligaments

• Synovial membrane
• infrapatellar pad
• alar folds
• patellar fold (ligamentum mucosum)

• Bursae of knee-joint

articulations between the tibia and fibula ()

• Tibiofibular articulation (articulatio tibiofibularis; superior tibiofibular articulation)
• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• Anterior ligament (anterior superior ligament)
• Posterior ligament (posterior superior ligament)
• Synovial membrane
• Interosseous membrane (membrana interossea cruris; middle tibiofibular ligament)
• Tibiofibular syndesmosis (syndesmosis tibiofibularis; inferior tibiofibular articulation)
• Anterior ligament (ligamentum malleoli lateralis anterius; anterior inferior ligament)
• Posterior ligament (ligamentum malleoli lateralis posterius; posterior inferior ligament)

• Tibiofibular syndesmosis (syndesmosis tibiofibularis; inferior tibiofibular articulation)
• Inferior transverse ligament
• Interosseous ligament

talocrural articulation or ankle-joint ()

• Articulatio Talocruralis; Tibiotarsal articulation

• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• Deltoid ligament (ligamentum deltoideum; internal lateral ligament of the ankle-joint)
• tibionavicular ligament
• calcaneotibial ligament
• posterior talotibial ligament

• Deltoid ligament (ligamentum deltoideum; internal lateral ligament of the ankle-joint)
• Anterior talotibial ligament
• External lateral ligament of the ankle-joint
• Anterior talofibular ligament (ligamentum talofibulare anterius)
• Posterior talofibular ligament (ligamentum talofibulare posterius)
• Calcaneofibular ligament (ligamentum calcaneofibulare)

intertarsal articulations ()

Talocalcaneal articulation

• Talocalcaneal articulation (articulatio talocalcanea; articulation of the calcaneus and astragalus; calcaneo-astragaloid articulation)
• Anterior talocalcaneal ligament (ligamentum talocalcaneum anterius; anterior calcaneo-astragaloid ligament)
• Posterior talocalcaneal ligament (ligamentum talocalcaneum posterius; posterior calcaneo-astragaloid ligament)
• Lateral talocalcaneal ligament (ligamentum talocalcaneum laterale; external calcaneo-astragaloid ligament)

• Medial talocalcaneal ligament (ligamentum talocalcaneum mediale; internal calcaneo-astragaloid ligament)
• Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (ligamentum talocalcaneum interosseum)

Talocalcaneonavicular articulation

• Talocalcaneonavicular articulation (articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis)

• Dorsal talonavicular ligament (ligamentum talonaviculare dorsale; superior astragalonavicular ligament)

Calcaneocuboid articulation

• Calcaneocuboid articulation (articulatio calcaneocuboidea; articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid)
• Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament (ligamentum calcaneocuboideum dorsale; superior calcaneocuboid ligament)
• Bifurcated ligament (ligamentum bifurcatum; internal calcaneocuboid; interosseous ligament)
• Long plantar ligament (ligamentum plantare longum; long calcaneocuboid ligament; superficial long plantar ligament)
• Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (ligamentum calcaneocuboideum plantare; short calcaneocuboid ligament; short plantar ligament)
• transverse tarsal joint

• Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (ligamentum calcaneonaviculare plantare; inferior or internal calcaneonavicular ligament; calcaneonavicular ligament)

• Spring ligament

Cuneonavicular articulation

• Cuneonavicular articulation (articulatio cuneonavicularis; articulation of the navicular with the cuneiform bones)
• Dorsal ligaments (ligamenta navicularicuneiformia dorsalia)
• Plantar ligaments (ligamenta navicularicuneiformia plantaria)

Cuboideonavicular articulation

• Cuboideonavicular articulation (navicular bone is connected with the cuboid)

• Dorsal ligament (ligamentum cuboideonaviculare dorsale)
• Plantar ligament (ligamentum cuboideonaviculare plantare)
• Interosseous ligament

Intercuneiform and Cuneocuboid articulations

• Dorsal ligaments (ligamenta intercuneiformia dorsalia)
• Plantar ligaments (ligamenta intercuneiformia plantaria)
• Interosseous ligaments (ligamenta intercuneiformia interossea)

tarsometatarsal articulations ()

• Dorsal ligaments (ligamenta tarsometatarsea dorsalia)
• Plantar ligaments (ligamenta tarsometatarsea plantaria)
• Interosseous ligaments (ligamenta cuneometatarsea interossia)

intermetatarsal articulations ()

• Dorsal ligaments (ligamenta basium dorsalia)
• Plantar ligaments (ligamenta basium plantaria)
• Interosseous ligaments (ligamenta basium interossea)

• Transverse metatarsal ligament

metatarsophalangeal articulations ()

• Plantar ligaments (ligamenta accessoria plantaria; glenoid ligaments of Cruveilhier)
• Collateral ligaments (ligamenta collateralia; lateral ligaments)

articulations of the digits ()

• Articulationes digitorum pedis; Articulations of the phalanges

arches of the foot ()

• antero-posterior arches
• medial arch
• lateral arch
• fundamental longitudinal arch
• transverse arches

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy
• List of images in Gray's Anatomy: III. Syndesmology