matter life and death

A Matter of Life and Death (film)

A Matter of Life and Death is a film by the British writer-director-producer team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. The film was originally released in U.S. under the title Stairway to Heaven, which was derived from the film's most prominent special effect: a broad escalator linking the other world and Earth. Reversing the convention of The Wizard of Oz, the supernatural scenes are in black-and-white, while the ones on Earth are in Technicolor.

In , A Matter of Life and Death was named the second greatest British film ever made by the magazine Total Film in a poll of 25 film critics. It was beaten only by Get Carter.

Plot

Squadron Leader Peter Carter (David Niven) is a British World War II Royal Air Force pilot trying to nurse a badly damaged and burning Lancaster bomber home after a mission in May 1945. His crew has already bailed out, but Carter's parachute has been shot up. He manages to get in touch with June (Kim Hunter), an American radio operator based in England, and carries on a tender conversation with her in the few minutes before he is forced to jump without a usable parachute.

Peter should have died at that time, but doesn't because of a mistake on the part of Conductor 71 (Marius Goring), the guide sent from the "other world" to collect him. They miss each other in the thick fog over the English Channel. Instead, Peter wakes up the next day on a beach near June's base, and is completely bewildered when he finds he is alive and not in some afterlife.

Peter meets June who is cycling back from her night shift, and the pair fall in love. Conductor 71 (a French aristocrat executed during the French Revolution) appears to Peter, stopping time to explain the situation and to convince him to accept his fate. Peter refuses and demands that the matter be appealed. While Conductor 71 goes to consult his superiors, Peter continues to live his life.

On Earth, Peter's visions of Conductor 71 are diagnosed by June's fascinated friend Doctor Reeves (Roger Livesey) as a symptom of a rapidly progressing brain injury – chronic adhesive arachnoiditis from a concussion two years earlier – and he is scheduled for surgery. When Reeves is killed while riding his motorcycle through the storm, trying to find the ambulance coming to bring Peter to the hospital, his arrival in the other world allows him to plead Peter's case, arguing that, through no fault of Peter's, he has fallen in love and now has an earthly commitment which should take precedence over the afterlife's claim on him.

The matter comes to a head – mirroring the outcome of the brain surgery Peter is undergoing – before a celestial court of the whole population of the afterlife – the camera zooms out from an amphitheatre to reveal that it is as large as a spiral galaxy. The prosecutor is American Abraham Farlan (Raymond Massey), who hates the British for causing his death in the American Revolutionary War.

Reeves challenges the composition of the jury which is made up of representatives of countries and races prejudiced by their experiences of the British. The jury is replaced by a cosmopolitan mixture of modern Americans whose origins mirror those they replace.

Reeves and Farlan both cite examples from British and world history to support their positions. In the end, Reeves has June take the stand (she is made to fall asleep in the "real" world by Conductor 71 so she can testify) and proves that she genuinely loves Peter by telling her that the only way to save his life is to take his place. She steps onto the stairway without hesitation and is carried away, leaving Peter behind. Then the stairway comes to an abrupt halt and June rushes back to Peter's open arms. As Dr. Reeves triumphantly remarks, "...nothing is stronger than the law in the universe, but on Earth, nothing is stronger than love."

The jury rules in Peter's favour. The Judge (Abraham Sofaer) shows Reeves and Farlan the new lifespan granted to the defendant; Reeves calls it "very generous", and Farlan reluctantly agrees to it. The scene then shifts to the operating room, where the surgery is declared a success and the surgeon is revealed to be The Judge.

Cast

David Niven as Peter Carter
Kim Hunter as June
Roger Livesey as Doctor Frank Reeves
Marius Goring as Conductor 71
Raymond Massey as Abraham Farlan.
Abraham Sofaer as the Judge/Surgeon
Joan Maude as the Chief Recorder
Robert Coote as Bob Trubshawe

Cast notes:

Raymond Massey and David Niven died on the same day, 29 July , Niven of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease or Lou Gehrig's Disease), and Massey of pneumonia. They had appeared together earlier in their careers in Prisoner of Zenda in as well.
Dr. Reeves' golden cocker spaniels in the scene in the camera obscura were Michael Powell's, Erik and Spangle making their fourth and final appearance in Powell's films, having previously appeared in Contraband The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp and I Know Where I'm Going! ().
Because of the trial and other scenes set in the other world, the film used 5,375 extras, which included real R.A.F. crews, Red Cross nurses and W.A.A.C.s.

Production

A Matter of Life and Death was filmed at D&P Studios and Denham Studios in Denham, Buckinghamshire, England, and on locations in Devon and Surrey. The beach scene was shot at Saunton Sands in Devon, and the village seen in the camera obscura was Shere in Surrey. Production took place from 2 September to 2 December 1945, used twenty-nine sets, and cost an estimated £320,000.

The film had an extensive pre-production period due to the complexity of the production:

The huge escalator linking this world with the other, called "Operation Ethel" by the firm of engineers who constructed her under the aegis of the London Passenger Transport Board, took three months to make and cost £3,000 (in 1946). "Ethel" had 106 steps each wide and was driven by a 12 h.p. engine. The full shot was completed by hanging miniatures.

Because the rest of the film was in Technicolor, there was a nine-month wait for film stock and Technicolor cameras, since they were being used by the US Army to make training films.

The decision to film the scenes of the "other world" in black and white added to the complications. Where they merge from black and white to colour they are filmed in Technicolor but the colour isn't fully developed giving a pearly hue to the black & white shots.

Other sequences also presented challenges, such as the stopped action table-tennis game (for which Kim Hunter and Roger Livesey were trained by champions Alan Brooke and Viktor Barna), the scene where David Niven washes up on the beach, the first scene filmed, where cinematographer Jack Cardiff fogged up the camera lens with his breath to create the look he wanted, and the long (25 minute) trial sequence, the set for which required a long by high backcloth.

Release

The film was chosen for the first ever Royal Film Performance on 1 November 1946 in aid of the Cinematograph Trade Benevolent Fund. It then went into general release in the UK on 30 December . It premiered in New York City on 25 December 1946 and in Los Angeles on 23 January . (The American release changed the title - see below - and, in the initial release, cut the scenes showing a naked young goatherd, though this is usually included in most versions available today, even those which are still titled Stairway to Heaven.)

Analysis

Are the visions real?

While the film never specifically states whether Peter's visions are real, the actor playing the judge also plays the brain surgeon. As is shown in the paper, "A matter of fried onions" and subsequent work by Diane Broadbent Friedman, there was a large amount of medical research carried out to ensure that the symptoms shown agreed with a correct medical diagnosis of Peter Carter's condition.

Heaven?

A young flyer (Richard Attenborough) hears that anyone may start as they like and says "It's heaven, isn't it?". This could be interpreted as a direct description of the place where he finds himself as "heaven" or it could be an adjectival use. This is followed, however, by a definite adjectival use where an angel (Kathleen Byron) tells Trubshawe (Robert Coote) that "many people would consider it heaven to be a clerk". Powell and Pressburger objected to the American distributor's renaming the film as Stairway to Heaven, but had to put up with it. The distributor believed that American audiences wouldn't want to see a film with the word "Death" in the title, especially just after World War II.

The architecture of the other world is noticeably modernist; vast and open plan, with huge circular observation holes beneath which the clouds of Earth can be seen. This vision was later the inspiration for the design of a bus station in Walsall, England, by architects Allford Hall Monaghan Morris, and the film's amphitheatre court scene was rendered by BT in a TV advertisement in about 2002 as a metaphor for communication technology, especially the Internet.

Anglo-American relations

The film was originally suggested by a British government department to improve relations between the Americans in the UK and the British public, following Powell and Pressburger's contributions to this sphere in A Canterbury Tale two years earlier, though neither film received any government funding nor input on plot or production. There was a general groundswell of hostility against the American servicemen stationed in the UK for the invasion of Europe. They were viewed as latecomers to the war and as "overpaid, oversexed and over here" by a public that had suffered three years of bombing and rationing, with many of their own men fighting abroad. The premise of the film being a simple inversion, the English pilot gets the pretty American woman, rather than the other way round, and that the only national bigotry is voiced by the first American casualty of the Revolutionary War against the English.

Adaptations

Radio

The film was twice adapted for the Lux Radio Theater on American radio

Stairway to Heaven, 27 October , Episode #587, starring Ray Milland
Stairway to Heaven, 12 April , Episode #918, starring David Niven

The film was adapted for the Screen Director's Playhouse series on American radio

Stairway to Heaven, 26 July , starring Robert Cummings

TV

The film was adapted for the Robert Montgomery Presents series on American TV

Stairway to Heaven, 9 April (NBC), starring Richard Greene
Note: This was a live performance.

Theatre

The film was adapted as the musical "Stairway to Heaven" at the King's Head in Islington in November 1994.
The film was adapted as a play by the Kneehigh Theatre for performancs at the National Theatre in London, premiering in May 2007.

In popular culture

A still of the movie (the final "escalator" scene, with the trial court reunited at Carter's surgery) was used as the cover for Phil Collins's 1989 single Something Happened on the Way to Heaven.

The stairway is seen in the film Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey, and the statues standing beside it (echoing the ones on the stairway in the film) are of David Niven and Emeric Pressburger.

In two episodes of The Simpsons they use the view through a closing eye as someone is prepared for an operation.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Christie, Ian. Arrows of Desire: the films of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. London: Faber & Faber, 1994. ISBN 0-571-16271-1. 163pp. (illus. filmog. bibliog. index)
Christie, Ian. A Matter of Life and Death. London: British Film Institute, 2000. ISBN 0-85170-479-4
Powell, Michael. A Life in Movies: An Autobiography. London: Heinemann, 1986. ISBN 0-434-59945-X.
Powell, Michael. Million Dollar Movie. London: Heinemann, 1992. ISBN 0-434-59947-6.
Warman, Eric. A Matter of Life and Death. London: World Film Publications, 1946.