Lentil

The lentil or daal or pulse (Lens culinaris) is a bushy annual plant of the legume family, grown for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about 15 inches tall and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each.

Background

The plant originated in the Near East, and has been part of the human diet since the aceramic Neolithic, being one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. With 26% protein, lentils have the highest level of protein in any plant after soybeans and hemp, and because of this it is a very important part of the diet in many parts of the world, especially in India, which has a large vegetarian population.

A variety of lentils exists with colors that range from yellow to red-orange to green, brown and black. Red, white and yellow lentils are decorticated, i.e., they have their skins removed. One variety of yellow "lentils," Chana, is in fact made from the kernels of chickpeas. There are large and small varieties of many lentils (e.g., Masoor Lentils). Lentils are sold in many forms, with or without the skins, whole or split. The urad bean, a species of the genus Vigna, is also referred to as "black lentil". Split Pigeon peas (either green or yellow) are sometimes erroneously sold as lentils. They are considered pulses, which includes peas and beans.

Types

• Brown/Spanish Pardina
• French Green/Puy (Dark speckled blue-green)
• Green
• Black/Beluga
• Yellow/Tan Lentils (Red inside)
• Red Chief (Decorticated yellow lentils)
• Eston Green (Small green)
• Richlea (Medium green)
• Laird (Large green)
• Petite Golden (Decorticated lentils)
• Masoor (Brown-skinned lentils which are red inside)
• Pigeon Peas
• Channa Dal
• Moong Lentils
• Petite Crimson/Red (Decorticated masoor lentils)
• Chana (Kernel of chickpeas)
• Urad (A type of bean)
• White/Ivory (Peeled Urad beans)
• Macachiados (Big Mexican yellow lentils)

Preparation

The seeds have a short cooking time (especially for small varieties with the husk removed, such as the common red lentil) and a distinctive earthy flavor. Lentils are used to prepare an inexpensive and nutritious soup all over Europe and North and South America, sometimes combined with some form of chicken or pork. They are frequently combined with rice, which has a similar cooking time. A lentil and rice dish is referred to in the Middle East as mujaddara or mejadra. Rice and lentils are also cooked together in khichdi, a popular Indian dish. Lentils are used throughout India, the Mediterranean regions and the Middle East. In rare cases the lentils are mixed with dairy cheese.

A large percentage of Indians are vegetarian and lentils have long been part of the indigenous diet as a common source of protein. Usually, lentils are boiled to a stew-like consistency with vegetables and then seasoned with a mixture of spices to make many side dishes such as sambar, rasam and dal, which are usually served over rice and roti.

When lentils are prepared, they are first inspected for damaged lentils, stones and other foreign matter. Then they are rinsed until the water runs through and comes out clear. Some prefer to soak the lentils for an extended time and discard the water. This removes substances that may cause indigestion. The lentils are then boiled in water or broth. They may be cooked on the stovetop, or in a slow cooker. Pressure cookers are not recommended, since the small lentils may clog the pressure relief valve, and their quick cooking time means there is little benefit from pressure cooking. Cooked lentils often require thinning: adding more hot water or broth to the cooked legumes until the desired final consistency is reached.

Nutritional value and health benefits

Apart from a high level of proteins, lentils also contain dietary fiber, Folate, vitamin B1, and minerals. Red (or pink) lentils contain a lower concentration of fiber than green lentils (11% rather than 31%). Health magazine has selected lentils as one of the five healthiest foods. Lentils are often mixed with grains, such as rice, which results in a complete protein dish.

Lower risk of coronary heart disease

Iron content

In addition to providing slow-burning complex carbohydrates, lentils are one of the best vegetable sources of iron. This makes them an important part of a vegetarian diet, and useful for preventing iron deficiency. Iron is particularly important for adolescents, and menstruating or pregnant women, whose requirements for it are increased.

Production

Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought and are grown throughout the world. About half of the worldwide production of lentils is from India, most of which is consumed in the domestic market. Canada is the largest export producer of lentils in the world and Saskatchewan is the most important producing region in Canada. The Palouse Region of Eastern Washington and the Idaho Panhandle, with its commercial center at Moscow, Idaho, constitutes the most important producing region in the United States.

FAO reports that world production of lentils for calendar year 2007 is 3.874 million metric tonnes, primarily coming from India, Turkey, and Canada. National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reports United States 2007 production at 154.5 thousand metric tonnes, primarily coming from North Dakota, Montana, Washington, and Idaho.

Current world production numbers can be found at the FAOSTAT ProdSTAT database here by selecting the desired items.

Current United States production numbers can be found at the NASS database here by selecting the desired items.

Diseases

Lentils in Culture

Lentils are mentioned many times in the Old Testament. In Jewish tradition they are considered as food for mourners, together with boiled eggs. The reason is that their round shape symbolizes the life cycle from birth to death.

Lentils and lenses

The optical lens is named after the lentil (Latin: lens), whose shape it resembles. This same connection appears in many other languages:

Language	lens	lentil
Arabic	عدسة (adasa)	عدس (adas)
Botswana	Chadi	Aditi Chaddi
Bulgarian	леща	леща
Catalan	lent	llentia
Croatian	leća	leća
Czech	čočka	čočka
Danish	linse	linse
Dutch	lens	linze
Finnish	linssi	linssi
French	lentille	lentille
German	Linse	Linse
Greek	φακός	φακή
Hebrew	adasha	adash
Hindi	dal	Arhar dal
Hungarian	lencse	lencse
Italian	lenti	lenticchie
Japanese	レンズ (renzu)	レンズ豆 (renzumame)
Kannada	Baylea	Thogare Baylea
Latin	lens	lens
Latvian	lēca	lēca
Lithuanian	lęšis	lęšis
Macedonian	леќа	леќа
Malayalam	Parippu	Thvara Parippu
Marathi	Daal	Tur Daal
Norwegian	linse	linse
Persian	adasi	adas
Polish	soczewka	soczewica
Portuguese	lente	lentilha
Romanian	lentila	linte
Russian	чечевица	чечевица
Serbian	sočivo	sočivo
Slovene	leča	leča
Spanish	lente	lenteja
Swahili	jicho	icho
Swedish	lins	lins
Telugu	Pappu	Pappu
Tamil	Paruppu	Thuvaram Paruppu
Turkish	mercek	mercimek
Urdu	daal	daal

References

• Alan Davidson, The Oxford Companion to Food. ISBN 0-19-211579-0

Further reading

• S S Yadav et al. Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times. (2007). Springer Verlag. ISBN 9781402063121.

External links

• Extrusion method developed for tasty lentil snacks
• All types of lentils & uses
• Information on Cooking Lentils
• Lentils - Country Production, Consumption, Exports, and Imports Statistics
• Alternative Field Crops Manual: Lentil