Ibid.

Ibid (Latin, short for ibidem, "the same place") is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. It is similar in meaning to idem (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same) abbreviated "Id.," which is commonly used in legal citation.

To find the ibid. source, one has to look at the reference right before it, and so ibid. serves a similar purpose to ditto marks (〃 (U+3003), ", do.).

Example

• 4. E. Vijh, Latin for dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), 23.
• 5. Ibid.
• 6. Ibid., at 29.

The reference in no. 5 is the same as in no. 4 (E. Vijh, "Latin for dummies" on page 23), whereas the reference in no. 6 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form "Ibid. ," (e.g. "8. Ibid. 4" or "8. Ibid 4, at 34")

See also

• Bibliography
• List of Latin phrases
• MLA style
• Op. cit.
• Loc. cit.
• Ibid: A Life is a novel by Mark Dunn, made up entirely of endnotes.

References

External links

• Dictionary.com: ibid.
• Conventions in footnoting for essays, papers and books by Werner Hammerstingl, 1998.
• Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles