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Hot-tube ignitor

A hot-tube ignitor was an early device that fit onto the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine and ignites the compressed fuel/air mixture by means of a flame heating part of the tube red hot. A hot-tube ignitor consisted of a metal or porcelain tube, closed at one end and attached to the cylinder head at the other, and an adjustable burner that could be moved to position its flame at any point along the length of the tube.

The compression stroke in the cylinder pushed some left over combustion products in the tube followed by fresh (unburned) fuel/air mixture. When the compression was enough that the fuel reached the red hot area of the tube, ignition occurred. On early designs, ignition timing was adjusted by adjusting the position of the red hot spot on the tube -- this was accomplished by moving the burner along the length of the tube. Most later styles used a fixed burner and varied tube lengths to change ignition timing.

Hot-tube ignitors had many problems, most caused by the sudden pressure changes in the tube because of the operation of the engine and the high temperature of the tube. It was very hard to find materials that were both durable enough for these conditions and inexpensive.

It was also very important never to make the mistake of setting the burner flame so that it heated the tube white hot, which rapidly damaged the tube and could cause it to burst explosively. This was an easy mistake to make and happened all too often.

The tubes used were typically 6 to 12 inches long, which tended to make them impractical for use on anything but large engines (e.g., stationary motors in factories). Tubes rarely lasted longer than a year before needing replacement, especially when the engines were fueled with high sulfur gases like unpurified producer gas or high sulphur natural gas.