homicide, in law, the taking of human life. Homicides that are neither justifiable nor excusable are considered crimes. A criminal homicide committed with malice is known as murder, otherwise it is called manslaughter. A homicide is excusable if it is the result of an accident that occurred during a lawful act and that did not amount to criminal negligence. Justifiable homicides are intentional killings done in accordance with legal obligation, or in circumstances where the law recognizes no wrong. They include the execution of criminals in some states, killings necessary to prevent a felony or to arrest a suspected felon, and killings in self-defense. In some states of the United States, one may lawfully kill in resisting the unlawful invasion of a home or real property. Many states make a distinction between first and second degree murders. First degree murder is a homicide committed with deliberately premeditated malice, or with extreme and wanton malice. The conviction for first degree murder often carries a sentence of life imprisonment; in some states it can be punished by execution. Second degree murder is a lesser crime, in which a homicide is committed with malice but without deliberation or premeditation.

Killing of one human being by another. Homicide is a general term; it includes murder, manslaughter, and other criminal homicides as well as noncriminal killings. Murder is the crime of intentionally and unjustifiably killing another. In the U.S., first-degree murder is a homicide committed with premeditation or in the course of a serious felony (e.g., kidnapping). Second- and third-degree murder involve lesser degrees of intent. Manslaughter is commonly divided into voluntary (or first-degree) and involuntary (or second- and third-degree) manslaughter. The first type encompasses any homicide resulting from an intentional act done without malice or premeditation and while in the heat of passion or on sudden provocation; the second type is variously defined in different jurisdictions but often includes an element of unlawful recklessness or negligence. Noncriminal homicides include killings committed in defense of oneself or another and deaths resulting from accidents caused by persons engaged in lawful acts. Seealso felony and misdemeanour; self-defense.

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Homicide (Latin homicidium, homo human being + caedere to cut, kill) refers to the act of killing another human being. It can also describe a person who has committed such an act, though this use is rare in modern English. Homicide is not always an illegal act.

Homicidal crimes

Criminal homicide is a malum in se crime, and every legal system contains some form of prohibition or regulation of criminal homicide.

Homicidal crimes in some criminal jurisdictions include:

• Murder/murder in English law
• Felony murder
• Capital murder
• Manslaughter/manslaughter in English law
• Voluntary manslaughter
• Involuntary manslaughter
• Intoxicating manslaughter
• Death by dangerous driving
• Reckless manslaughter
• Criminal Homicide
• Culpable homicide (in Scots law)
• Negligent homicide
• Criminally negligent homicide

Many forms of homicide have their own term based on the person being killed.

• Infanticide - Killing of an infant
• Fratricide - Killing of one's brother; in a military context, killing of a friendly combatant
• Sororicide - Killing of one's sister
• Parricide - Killing of either (resp. patricide, matricide) or both of one's parents, or other close person who stands in a somewhat similar relationship
• Patricide - Killing of one's father
• Matricide - Killing of one's mother
• Mariticide - Killing of one's husband
• Uxoricide - Killing of one's wife
• Filicide - Killing of one's child
• Regicide - Killing of a monarch.
• Genocide - Killing of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group

Non-criminal homicide

Homicides do not always involve a crime. Sometimes the law allows homicide by allowing certain defenses to criminal charges. One of the most recognized is self defense, which provides that a person is entitled to commit homicide to protect his or her own life from a deadly attack.

Some defenses include:

• Self-defense (theory)
• Insanity defense
• Duress

State-sanctioned homicide

Homicides may also be non-criminal when conducted with the sanction of the state. The most obvious example is capital punishment, in which the state determines that a person should die. Homicides committed during war are usually not subject to criminal prosecution either.

References

See also

• Suicide - Killing of oneself
• Murder book - A homicide case file