historical materialism: see dialectical materialism.

Women's Rights National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

War in the Pacific National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Tumacacori National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Sitka National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Saratoga National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Pecos National Historical Park, 6,671 acres (2,702 hectares), N New Mexico; est. as a national monument 1965, designated a national historical park 1990. The park contains the remains of the Pecos pueblo, a major trade center strategically located between the Great Plains and the Rio Grande Valley. The Pecos site was excavated from 1915-29 by Alfred V. Kidder and is considered the first major archaeological dig using modern scientific techniques. In 1999 nearly 2,000 skeletons that had been excavated there were returned to the inhabitants of modern Jemez and reburied at Pecos. Two Spanish colonial missions are also preserved, as well as sites associated with the Santa Fe Trail and the 1862 Civil War battle of Glorieta Pass. A 2-mi (3-km) segment of the Pecos River is protected in the park.

Nicodemus National Historical Site: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Nez Percé National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

New-York Historical Society, New York City. Founded in 1804, the society is a repository of art, artifacts, and literature relating to American, especially New York, history. Among its celebrated permanent collections are 435 watercolors by John James Audubon for his engraved folio volumes, The Birds of America, and American paintings from colonial times through the 19th cent. The society's educational programs include changing exhibitions of American cultural subjects, lectures by noted scholars and historians, and a large library facility providing extensive material to scholars on early America.

New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Natchez National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Minute Man National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Marsh-Billings National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Lowell National Historical Park: see Lowell; National Parks and Monuments (table).

Little Rock Central High School National Historical Site: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Lewis and Clark National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Kalaupapa National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Jean Lafitte National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Independence National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Hopewell Culture National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

George Rogers Clark National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Colonial National Historical Park, 9,350 acres (3,785 hectares), SE Va., mainly on the peninsula between the York and James rivers; created 1930 as Colonial National Monument, renamed 1936. The park embraces a historic region that includes Yorktown, Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Cape Henry (added 1939; see Henry, Cape); the Colonial Parkway, part of the park, links the three old towns. Yorktown National Cemetery is within the park. Archaeological and historical studies as well as reconstruction of old places of interest have been done in the park. See National Parks and Monuments (table).

Chaco Culture National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Cane River Creole National Historical Park and Heritage Area: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Boston National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Adams National Historical Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Branch of linguistics concerned with examining changes in phonology, grammar, and semantics during a language's evolution, reconstructing earlier stages, and uncovering evidence of the influence of other languages. Its roots are in Classical and medieval writings on etymology and in the comparative study of Greek and Latin during the Renaissance. Only in the 19th century did more scientific language-analysis methods lead to the development of historical linguistics as a scholarly discipline. The Neogrammarians, a group of German linguists who formulated sound correspondences in the Indo-European languages, were especially influential. In the 20th century the methods of historical linguistics were extended to other language groups.

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Park, southeastern Alaska, U.S. Located on Baranof Island in the Gulf of Alaska, it was established in 1910 as a national monument; a national park since 1972, it covers 107 ac (43 ha). It contains the ruins of the Indian fortress in which the Tlingit Indians made their last stand against Russian settlers in 1804. It also has a collection of old Haida Indian totem poles and the oldest intact Russian-American building in the U.S.

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Historical reservation, southeastern Virginia, U.S. Covering some 15 sq mi (38 sq km) and centred on a peninsula between the York and James rivers, it was first established as a national monument in 1930 and includes colonial and Revolutionary sites. It embraces Cape Henry, Jamestown, and Yorktown and includes the Colonial Parkway, a 23-mi (37-km) scenic route linking Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown.

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Park, eastern U.S. It consists of the former Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, a waterway running along the Potomac River between Washington, D.C., and Cumberland, Md. The canal, which extends 185 mi (297 km), was built beginning in the 1820s. Competition from the railroads later caused its economic decline. The canal was purchased in 1938 by the U.S. government; it was restored and established as a historical park in 1971.

Learn more about Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park with a free trial on Britannica.com.

National preserve, northwestern New Mexico, U.S. Established as a national monument in 1907, it was redesignated and renamed in 1980. Occupying 53 sq mi (137 sq km), it contains 13 major pre-Columbian ruins and more than 300 smaller archaeological sites representing Pueblo cultures. Pueblo Bonito, built in the 10th century, is the largest Pueblo excavated site; it contained some 800 rooms.

Learn more about Chaco Culture National Historical Park with a free trial on Britannica.com.