Hermitage, in France: see Montmorency, France.

Hermitage, museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, one of the world's foremost houses of art. It was reconstructed in the neoclassical style in the 19th cent. from the original pavilion palace erected by Catherine II. Opened to the public in 1852, it contained only the imperial collections until 1917. There are now more than 40,000 drawings, 500,000 engravings, and 8,000 paintings of the Flemish, French, Dutch, Spanish, and Italian schools, including many by Rembrandt, Rubens, Picasso, and Matisse, which represent only a fraction of the riches of the museum. The most popular section, "The Heroic Past of the Russian People," includes the War Museum and a tribute to Peter the Great. Another part is devoted to the life and works of Pushkin. The collections include the art of India, China, Egypt, pre-Columbian America, Greece, and Rome, as well as Scythian art from the Eurasian steppe. There are also tapestries, ivories, and furniture. Russian art is exhibited separately in Mikhailovsky Palace, which was opened in 1898. In 2004 the Hermitage, which had previously inaugurated small foreign outlets in London and Las Vegas, opened a large branch in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, which exhibits loans from the parent institution.

Hermitage: see Jackson, Andrew.

Largest museum in Russia and one of the most important in the world. Located in St. Petersburg, it derives its name from the “Hermitage” pavilion adjoining the Winter Palace, built in 1764–67 for Catherine II (the Great) as a private gallery for her treasured collections. On her death in 1796, the imperial collections were estimated to total 4,000 pictures. After the Winter Palace was destroyed by fire in 1837, the Hermitage was reconstructed and opened to the public by Nicholas I in 1852. After the Bolshevik Revolution, the collections were transferred to public ownership. The museum is now housed in five interconnected buildings, including the Winter Palace and the Small, Old, and New Hermitages. Along with thousands of art objects from Central Asia, India, China, Egypt, the pre-Columbian Americas, Greece, and Rome, the Hermitage houses outstanding collections of Western painting. Russian history is represented by archaeological material from prehistoric times onward.

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