Hart

Hart, Albert Bushnell, 1854-1943, American historian, b. Clarksville, Greene co., Pa. He began teaching history at Harvard in 1883, became a full professor in 1897, and from 1910 until his retirement in 1926 was professor of government. Hart was a prodigious worker who was responsible for the publication of about 100 volumes. He edited and contributed to the "American Nation" series (28 vol., 1904-18) and Epochs of American History (4 vol., 1891-1926). He was joint editor, with Edward Channing, of American History Leaflets (1892-1910) and, with Andrew C. McLaughlin, of the Cyclopedia of American Government (3 vol., 1914). With Channing again he also compiled the Guide to the Study and Reading of American History (1896; rev. and enl. ed. by Channing, Hart, and Frederick J. Turner, 1912), still one of the most valuable single-volume bibliographies of American history. Of the individual books he wrote, Salmon Portland Chase (1899, repr. 1970) and The Foundations of American Foreign Policy (1901, repr. 1970) were probably most important.

Hart, Basil Henry Liddell: see Liddell Hart, Basil Henry.

Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus, 1907-, British legal philosopher. A lawyer and trained philosopher, Hart subjected legal concepts to scrutiny in such works as The Concept of Law (1961) and Law, Liberty, and Morality (1963). Hart argued that law is premised on the notion of duty as the support of civic and societal existence and that law is not based on any moral code, so it is improper to legislate on matters of private morality. His other works include Punishment and Responsibility (1968) and Essays on Bentham (1982).

Hart, John, 1711?-1779, political leader in the American Revolution, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. Hopewell Township, N.J. A prosperous farm and mill owner, he was a member of the provincial assembly (1761-71), of several provincial congresses, and of the Continental Congress of 1776. See biography by C. E. Hammond (1977).

Hart, Lorenz Milton, 1895-1943, American lyricist, b. New York City, studied at Columbia. Hart began collaborating with Richard Rodgers in 1919; their initial success was The Garrick Gaieties (1925). Thereafter, the team of Rodgers and Hart produced such popular musicals as Connecticut Yankee (1927), The Boys from Syracuse (1938), Pal Joey (1940), and By Jupiter (1942). Their many famous songs include "Manhattan," "Blue Moon," and "The Lady Is a Tramp." Hart was noted for his witty, literate, but always expressive lyrics; his rhymes were distinctly original. He was the first popular-song lyricist to receive equal billing with the composer.

Hart, Moss, 1904-61, American dramatist, b. New York City, studied at Columbia. His first important play, Once in a Lifetime (1930), marked the beginning of a long collaboration with George S. Kaufman. Among their other successful comedies are Merrily We Roll Along (1934), You Can't Take It with You (1936; Pulitzer Prize), I'd Rather Be Right (1937, written with George M. Cohan), The Man Who Came to Dinner (1939), and George Washington Slept Here (1940). Hart also collaborated on musicals with Irving Berlin and Cole Porter, and his most successful musical, Lady in the Dark (1941), was written with Kurt Weill and Ira Gershwin. Among his plays, produced between 1941 and 1952, are Winged Victory, Christopher Blake, Light Up the Sky, and The Climate of Eden. Hart also directed several 1940s film comedies and wrote the 1952 screen hit Hans Christian Andersen. In 1956 he returned to Broadway as director of the long-running musical hit My Fair Lady.

Crane, Hart (Harold Hart Crane), 1899-1932, American poet, b. Garrettsville, Ohio. He published only two volumes of poetry during his lifetime, but those works established Crane as one of the most original and vital American poets of the 20th cent. His extraordinarily complex, visionary, and sonorous poetry, with its rich imagery, verbal ingenuity, frequent obscurity, and meticulous craftsmanship, combines ecstatic optimism with a sense of haunted alienation. White Buildings (1926), his first collection of poems, was inspired by his experience of New York City, where he had gone to live at the age of 17. His most ambitious work is The Bridge (1930), a series of closely related long poems on the United States in which the Brooklyn Bridge serves as a mystical unifying symbol of civilization's evolution.

Crane's personal life was anguished and turbulent. After an unhappy childhood during which he was torn between estranged parents, he held a variety of uninteresting jobs, always, however, returning to New York City and his writing. An alcoholic and a homosexual, he was constantly plagued by money problems and was often a severe trial to friends who tried to help him. In 1931 he won a Guggenheim Fellowship and went to Mexico to work on a long poem about Latin America; a year later, returning by ship to the United States, the poem not even started, he jumped overboard and drowned. His collected poems were published in 1933.

(born April 15, 1889, Neosho, Mo., U.S.—died Jan. 19, 1975, Kansas City, Mo.) U.S. painter and muralist. He studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and at the Académie Julian in Paris, where he came into contact with Synchromism and Cubism. In 1912 he returned to the U.S. and settled in New York City. Failing in his attempts at Modernism, he set out to travel through the rural heartland, sketching people and places. In the 1930s he painted several notable murals, including America Today (1930–31) at the New School for Social Research. He often transposed biblical and classical stories to rural American settings, as in Susanna and the Elders (1938). His style, which quickly became influential, is characterized by undulating forms, cartoonlike figures, and brilliant colour. He taught at the Art Students League in New York, where Jackson Pollock was his best-known student.

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(born Oct. 31, 1895, Paris, France—died Jan. 29, 1970, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, Eng.) British military historian and strategist. He left Cambridge University to join the British army at the outbreak of World War I and retired as a captain in 1927. He was an early advocate of air power and mechanized tank warfare. He wrote for London newspapers from 1925 to 1945. His writings on strategy, which emphasized the elements of mobility and surprise, were more influential in Germany than in France or England; his “expanding torrent” theory of attack became the basis for German blitzkrieg warfare in 1939–41. The author of more than 30 books, he was knighted in 1966.

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(born Oct. 24, 1904, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died Dec. 20, 1961, Palm Springs, Calif.) U.S. playwright and director. He wrote his first play at age 18 and achieved recognition when he collaborated with George S. Kaufman on Once in a Lifetime (1930). That success led to their popular comedies You Can't Take It with You (1936, Pulitzer Prize; film, 1938) and The Man Who Came to Dinner (1939; film, 1942). Hart wrote books for musicals for Irving Berlin and Cole Porter, wrote and directed plays such as Lady in the Dark (1941; film, 1944) and Winged Victory (1943; film, 1944), and directed the long-running musicals My Fair Lady (1956, Tony Award) and Camelot (1960).

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(born Oct. 31, 1895, Paris, France—died Jan. 29, 1970, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, Eng.) British military historian and strategist. He left Cambridge University to join the British army at the outbreak of World War I and retired as a captain in 1927. He was an early advocate of air power and mechanized tank warfare. He wrote for London newspapers from 1925 to 1945. His writings on strategy, which emphasized the elements of mobility and surprise, were more influential in Germany than in France or England; his “expanding torrent” theory of attack became the basis for German blitzkrieg warfare in 1939–41. The author of more than 30 books, he was knighted in 1966.

Learn more about Liddell Hart, Sir Basil (Henry) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Oct. 24, 1904, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died Dec. 20, 1961, Palm Springs, Calif.) U.S. playwright and director. He wrote his first play at age 18 and achieved recognition when he collaborated with George S. Kaufman on Once in a Lifetime (1930). That success led to their popular comedies You Can't Take It with You (1936, Pulitzer Prize; film, 1938) and The Man Who Came to Dinner (1939; film, 1942). Hart wrote books for musicals for Irving Berlin and Cole Porter, wrote and directed plays such as Lady in the Dark (1941; film, 1944) and Winged Victory (1943; film, 1944), and directed the long-running musicals My Fair Lady (1956, Tony Award) and Camelot (1960).

Learn more about Hart, Moss with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born July 21, 1899, Garrettsville, Ohio, U.S.—died April 27, 1932, at sea, Caribbean Sea) U.S. poet. Crane worked at a variety of jobs before settling in New York City. White Buildings (1926), his first book, includes “For the Marriage of Faustus and Helen.” His desire to respond to the cultural pessimism of T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land resulted in the long and difficult poem The Bridge (1930), which attempts to create an epic myth of the American experience, celebrating the richness of modern life with visionary intensity. Alcoholic and despondent over his homosexuality, he committed suicide at 32 by jumping overboard from a ship in the Caribbean.

Learn more about Crane, (Harold) Hart with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born April 15, 1889, Neosho, Mo., U.S.—died Jan. 19, 1975, Kansas City, Mo.) U.S. painter and muralist. He studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and at the Académie Julian in Paris, where he came into contact with Synchromism and Cubism. In 1912 he returned to the U.S. and settled in New York City. Failing in his attempts at Modernism, he set out to travel through the rural heartland, sketching people and places. In the 1930s he painted several notable murals, including America Today (1930–31) at the New School for Social Research. He often transposed biblical and classical stories to rural American settings, as in Susanna and the Elders (1938). His style, which quickly became influential, is characterized by undulating forms, cartoonlike figures, and brilliant colour. He taught at the Art Students League in New York, where Jackson Pollock was his best-known student.

Learn more about Benton, Thomas Hart with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Hart is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 1,950. It is the county seat of Oceana County. The city is located within Hart Township, but is politically independent.

Hart was the birthplace of Donald W. Wolf, a World War II U.S. Marine Corps hero who was killed in action at Guadalcanal.

Hart is also home to the north end of the Hart-Montague Trail.

The area is served by the Oceana's Herald Journal newspaper and website. www.oceanaheraldjournal.com

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.3 km²), of which, 1.9 square miles (5.0 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.4 km²) of it (6.80%) is water.

Transportation

• US-31 passes west of the village, continuing southerly toward Muskegon and northerly toward Ludington.
• 
  BUS US 31 is a spur route into downtown Hart.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,950 people, 759 households, and 481 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,017.7 per square mile (392.1/km²). There were 832 housing units at an average density of 434.2/sq mi (167.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 87.69% White, 0.51% African American, 1.38% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 7.59% from other races, and 2.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.56% of the population.

There were 759 households out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the city the population was spread out with 27.4% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,855, and the median income for a family was $31,875. Males had a median income of $28,839 versus $20,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,844. About 17.5% of families and 20.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.6% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over.

References