feud

[fyood]

feud, formalized private warfare, especially between family groups. The blood feud (see vendetta) is characteristic of those societies in which a strong central government either has not arisen or has decayed. In modern times the feud, outlawed in most countries, has persisted where public justice cannot be easily enforced and private means are a simpler recourse. A famous example is the 19th-century feud of the Hatfields and McCoys in the mountain regions of the southern United States. The frontier in U.S. history was also characterized by private justice and the feud.

See Waller, A. L., Feud: Hatfields, McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900 (1988).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press

Feud

A feud (referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud or vendetta) is a long-running argument or fight between parties—often, through guilt by association, groups of people, especially families or clans. Feuds begin because one party (correctly or incorrectly) perceives itself to have been attacked, insulted or wronged by another. Intense feelings of resentment trigger the initial retaliation, which causes the other party to feel equally aggrieved and vengeful. The dispute is subsequently fuelled by a long-running cycle of retaliatory violence. This continual cycle of provocation and retaliation makes it extremely difficult to end the feud peacefully. Feuds frequently involve the original parties' family members and/or associates, and can last for generations.

Up to the early modern period, feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments and were regulated to some degree. Once states asserted and enforced a monopoly on legitimate use of force, feuds became illegal and the concept acquired its current negative connotation.

Blood feuds/vendetta

A blood feud is a feud with a cycle of retaliatory violence, with the relatives of someone who has been killed or otherwise wronged or dishonored seeking vengeance by killing or otherwise physically punishing the culprits or their relatives. Historically, the word vendetta has been used to mean a blood feud. The word is Italian, and originates from the Latin vindicta, "vengeance." In modern times, the word is sometimes extended to mean any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed.

Vendetta history

Originally, a vendetta was a blood feud between two families where kinsmen of the victim intended to avenge his or her death by killing either those responsible for the killing or some of their relatives. The responsibility to maintain the vendetta usually falls on the closest male relative to whoever has been killed or wronged, but other members of the family may take the mantle as well. If the culprit had disappeared or was already dead, the vengeance could extend to other relatives.

Vendetta is typical of societies with a weak rule of law (or where the state doesn't consider itself responsible for mediating this kind of dispute) where family and kinship ties are the main source of authority. An entire family is considered responsible for whatever one of them has done. Sometimes even two separate branches of the same family could come to blows over some matter.

The practice has mostly disappeared with more centralized, rationalistic societies where law enforcement and criminal law take responsibility of punishing lawbreakers.

In ancient Homeric Greece, the practice of personal vengeance against wrongdoers was considered natural and customary: "Embedded in the Greek morality of retaliation is the right of vendetta . . . Vendetta is a war, just as war is an indefinite series of vendettas; and such acts of vengeance are sanctioned by the gods".

In the ancient tribal Hebraic context, it was considered the duty of the individual and family to avenge evil on behalf of God. The executor of the law of blood-revenge who personally put the initial aggressive killer to death was given a special designation: go'el haddam, the blood-avenger or blood-redeemer (Num. 35: 19, etc.). Six cities of refuge were established to provide a "cooling off" phase as well as due process for the accused. As the Oxford Companion to the Bible states: "Since life was viewed as sacred (Gen. 9.6), no amount of blood money could be given as recompense for the loss of the life of an innocent person; it had to be 'life for life'" (Exod. 21.23; Deut. 19.21)".

The Celtic phenomenon of the blood feud demanded "an eye for an eye," and usually descended into murder. Disagreements between clans might last for generations in Scotland and Ireland. Due to the Celtic heritage of many whites living in Appalachia, a series of prolonged violent engagements in late- nineteenth-century Kentucky and West Virginia were referred to commonly as feuds, a tendency that was partly due to the nineteenth-century popularity of William Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott, authors who both wrote semihistorical accounts of blood feuds. These incidents, the most famous of which was the Hatfield-McCoy feud, were regularly featured in the newspapers of the eastern U.S. between the 1880s and the early twentieth century. Although they were interpreted as such at the time, there is little reason to believe that these American incidents had any correlation to "feuding" in Europe centuries earlier.

The Central Asian plateau (north of China) at the time of Genghis Khan's youth was divided into several nomadic tribes or confederations—among them Naimans, Merkits, Uyghurs, Tatars, Mongols, and Keraits—that were all prominent in their own right and often unfriendly toward each other, as evidenced by frequent raids, revenges, and plundering.

In Japan's feudal past the Samurai class upheld the honor of their family, clan, or their lord by katakiuchi (敵討ち), or revenge killings. These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. While some vendettas were punished by the government, such as that of the 47 Ronin, others were given official permission with specific targets.

At the Reichstag at Worms in 1495 the right of waging feuds was abolished. The Imperial Reform proclaimed an "eternal public peace" (Ewiger Landfriede) to put an end to the abounding feuds and the anarchy of the robber barons and it defined a new standing imperial army to enforce that peace. However, it took a few more decades until the new regulation was universally accepted. In 1506, for example, knight Jan Kopidlansky killed somebody in Prague and the Town Councillors sentenced him to death and had him executed. Brother Jiri Kopidlansky revenged himself by continuing atrocities.

More than a third of the Ya̧nomamö males, on average, died from warfare. The accounts of missionaries to the area have recounted constant infighting in the tribes for women or prestige, and evidence of continuous warfare for the enslavement of neighboring tribes such as the Macu before the arrival of European settlers and government.

The Clan Gordon was at one point one of the most powerful clans in middle Scotland. Clan feuds and battles were frequent, especially with the Clan Cameron, Clan Murray, Clan Forbes, and the Chattan Confederation.

In Corsica, vendetta was a social code that required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged the family honor. It has been estimated that between 1683 and 1715, nearly 30,000 out of 120,000 Corsicans lost their lives to vendetta.

Throughout history, the Maniots—one of Greece's toughest populations—have been known by their neighbors and their enemies as fearless warriors who practice blood feuds. Some vendettas went on for months and sometimes years. The families involved would lock themselves in their towers and when they got the chance would murder members of the opposing family.

The Basque Country in the Late Middle Ages was ravaged by bitter partisan wars between local ruling families. In Navarre, these conflicts became polarised in a violent struggle between the Agramont and Beaumont parties. In Biscay, the two major warring factions were named Oinaz and Gamboa. (Cf. the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Italy). High defensive structures ("towers") built by local noble families, few of which survive today, were frequently razed by fires, sometimes by royal decree.

Leontiy Lyulye, an expert on conditions in the Caucasus, wrote in the mid-19th century: "Among the mountain people the blood feud is not an uncontrollable permanent feeling such as the vendetta is among the Corsicans. It is more like an obligation imposed by the public opinion." In the Dagestani aul Kadar, one such blood feud between two antagonistic clans lasted for nearly 260 years, from the 17th century till the 1860s.

An alternative to feud was blood money (or weregild in the Norse culture), which demanded payment of some kind from those responsible for a wrongful death (even an accidental one). If these payments were not made or were refused by the offended party, a blood feud would ensue.

Vendetta in modern times

Vendetta is reputedly still practiced in some areas in France (especially Corsica and in less porportion in some other provinces) and Italy (especially Sardinia, Campania, Sicily and Calabria), in Crete (Greece), among Kurdish clans in Iraq and Turkey, in northern Albania, among Pashtuns in Afghanistan, among Somali clans, over land in Nigeria, in India (a caste-related feuds among rival Hindu groups), between rival tribes in the north-east Indian state of Assam, among rival clans in China and Philippines, among the Arab Bedouins and Arab tribes inhabiting the mountains of Yemen and between Shiites and Sunnis in Iraq, in southern Ethiopia, among the highland tribes of New Guinea, in Svaneti, in the mountainous areas of Dagestan, many northern areas of Georgia and Azerbaijan, a number of republics of the northern Caucasus and essentially among Chechen teips where those seeking retribution do not accept or respect the local law enforcement authority. Vendettas are generally abetted by a perceived or actual indifference on behalf of local law enforcement. In Albania, more than 2,500 Albanian families are currently engaged in blood feuds. There are now more than 20,000 men and boys who live under an ever-present death sentence because of blood feuds. Since 1992, at least 5,000 Albanians have been killed due to blood feuds.

Mutual vendetta may develop into a vicious circle of further killings, retaliation, counterattacks, and all-out warfare that can end in the mutual extinction of both families. Often the original cause is forgotten, and feuds continue simply because it is perceived that there has always been a feud.

There is a scene in The Godfather, in which Michael Corleone, hiding from U.S. police in Sicily, walks through a village with his two bodyguards. Michael asks, "Where are all the men?" The bodyguard replies, "They're all dead from vendettas."

Some of the gang wars between organized crime groups are effectively forms of vendetta, where the criminal organization (like the Mafia "family") has taken the place of blood relatives.

Famous blood feuds

Njál's saga, an Icelandic account of a Norse blood feud
The Percy–Neville feud (1450s; England)
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487; England)
The Campbell–MacDonald feud, including the Massacre of Glencoe (1692; Scotland)
The Battle of the North Inch, Michaelmas, 1396, Scotland; a set-piece inter-clan "battle to the death" between 30 members each of two long-feuding rival clans of the Clan Chattan Confederation, Clan MacPherson and Clan Davidson; staging the event received royal and legal approval citing the Scottish concept of trial by combat; the battle of fictionalised in the novel The Fair Maid of Perth by Sir Walter Scott, in which one combattant for the MacPhersons, the blacksmith Henry Gow or Hal O' The Wynd, was immortalised.
The Donnelly–Biddulph community feud (1857-1880; Ontario, Canada)
The Lincoln County War (1878-1881; New Mexico, USA)
The Clanton/McLaury–Earp feud (see also Earp Vendetta Ride), also known as the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1881; Arizona, USA)
The Hatfield–McCoy feud (1878–1891; West Virginia & Kentucky, USA)
The Pleasant Valley War, also known as the Tonto Basin Feud (1882–1892; Arizona, USA)
The Capone–Moran feud, including the St. Valentine's Day massacre (1925–1930; Chicago, Illinois, USA)
The Gunn–Keith feud
The Talbot–Berkeley feud
The Feud of Scampia (2004–2005; Naples, Italy)

Fictional blood feuds

The Interlopers a short story by Saki, is a multi-generational feud between the families of Georg Znaeym and Ulrich von Gradwitz.
The Atreides–Harkonnen feud from Frank Herbert's Dune (novel)
The Corleone–Tattaglia feud from Mario Puzo's The Godfather
The Montague–Capulet feud, from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
The Grangerford–Shepherdson feud, from Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn.
The Barnes–Ewing feud, from the soap opera Dallas
The Kryeqyqe–Berisha feud, from Ismail Kadare's novel, Broken April
The DiMera–Brady feud, from the soap opera Days of our Lives
The Karahasan–Mitrevski feud, from the movie Odmazda ("Vengeance"), a multi-generational feud between a Turkish and Slav-Macedonian family.
The Pollock–Maugg feud, from the computer role-playing game Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura.
The Heathcliff–Linton family feud from Wuthering Heights
The Robinson-Ramsay family feud from Australian soap Neighbours

Hip-hop feuds

In modern hip-hop, rappers notoriously engage in verbal warfare with one another, which occasionally spills over into actual violence and sometimes murder. The most high-profile feud in rap was the Tupac - Notorious BIG Feud, which included several shootings and attacks on friends of both icons. It culminated with the highly publicized killings of Tupac Shakur in 1996 and The Notorious BIG in 1997. A list of all feuds can be found on CelebrityFeuds.com Other notable rap feuds have included:

Kool Moe Dee vs. Busy Bee Starski
Big Daddy Kane vs. Kool G Rap
Antoinette vs. MC Lyte
Tha Dogg Pound vs. Capone-n-Noreaga, Mobb Deep, Tragedy Khadafi
2Pac vs. the Notorious B.I.G.
Jay-Z vs. Nas
2Pac vs. LL Cool J
MC Eiht vs. DJ Quik
Boogie Down Productions vs. Juice Crew
Boogie Down Productions vs. P.M. Dawn
Roxanne Shante, Marley Marl vs. The Real Roxanne, U.T.F.O.
Eminem, D12 vs. Benzino
Death Row vs. Ruthless
Ice Cube vs. N.W.A
Dr. Dre, Eminem, Xzibit, Timbaland vs. Jermaine Dupri
Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg vs. Eazy-E
Bone Thugs-N-Harmony vs. Twista, Do or Die, Crucial Conflict, Three 6 Mafia, Kingpin Skinny Pimp, Tommy Wright III, 3MK
DJ Quik vs. AMG
DJ Quik vs. Everlast
Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg vs. Luther Campbell, Poison Clan
LL Cool J vs. Ice-T
LL Cool J vs. MC Hammer
Too Short vs. Luniz
2Pac vs. Mobb Deep
Jay-Z vs. Mobb Deep
DMX vs. K-Solo
DMX vs. Ja Rule
Insane Clown Posse vs. Eminem
KRS-One vs. Nelly
Yukmouth vs. Master P
Aftermath vs. Death Row
Kurupt vs. DMX
Foxy Brown vs. Eve
LL Cool J vs. Canibus
Xzibit vs. Likwit Crew
Eminem vs. Everlast
Bow Wow vs. Romeo
The Game vs. G-Unit
G-Unit vs. Murder Ink.
Shady vs. Murder Ink.
The Game vs. Roc-A-Fella
D12 vs. Royce da 5'9"
Ice-T vs. Soulja Boy
T.I. vs. Ludacris
T.I. vs. Lil' Flip
Fat Joe vs. 50 Cent
The Dogg vs. Gazza
Young Buck vs. G-Unit
Timbaland vs. Scott Storch
Lil Wayne vs. 50 Cent
Jay-Z vs. The Diplomats
LL Cool J vs. Kool Moe Dee
Tru-Life vs. Jim Jones
Loon vs. The Diplomats
Eminem vs. Canibus
Eminem vs. Cage
Westside Connection vs. Common
T.I. vs. Shawty Lo
Young Buck vs. G-Unit
LL Cool J vs. MC Shan
Cypress Hill vs. Westside Connection
Ice Cube vs. Kam
Jadakiss vs. 50 Cent
Nas vs. 50 Cent
Lil Wayne vs. Jay-Z
The Game vs. Yukmouth
Royce Da 5'9 vs. Mistah Fab
Xzibit vs. Busta Rhymes
Lil Boosie vs. Plies
Chamillionaire vs. Paul Wall
Young Jeezy vs. Gucci Man
The Game vs. Lil Eazy E
The Game vs. Joe Budden
Bow Wow vs. Yung Berg
The Game vs. Benzino
Erick Sermon vs. Parrish Smith
Nelly vs. Chingy
The Game vs. Ras Kass
Snoop Dogg, Daz Dillinger, Aftermath, Tha Eastsidaz, Bad Azz vs. Suge Knight, Kurupt, The Riflemen, Big C-Style, Jayo Felony, Crooked I, Ja Rule, Murder Inc.
Memphis Bleek vs. Nas

Reggaetón feuds

Much like Hip hop, Reggaetón is an Urban music genre, which has notoriously involved many feuds between artists who engage in lyrical warfare with one another, which sometimes escalates to violence. Many Reggaetóneros have released diss song attacking other artists, which have led to many notable feuds. Some of these include: