english cross bond

Cross country running

Cross Country running is a sport of running. Compete to complete a course over open or rough terrain faster than other teams. The courses used at these events may include grass, mud, woodlands, and water. It is a popular participatory sport, and usually takes place in temperate regions during the autumn and winter when soft conditions underfoot prevail.

History

Cross country is an organized sport that originated from The Crick Run held every year since 1837 at Rugby School in England. In the early 19th century cross country was practiced in all private schools. In 1851, undergraduates at Exeter College, Oxford organised a foot grind. This was an analogy with steeple chasing on horse where a race would be held towards the nearest church steeple, forcing riders to clear rural obstacles such as hedges, fences, and ditches. A two-mile cross country steeplechase formed part of the Oxford University sports (in which many of the modern athletics events were founded) in 1860, but replaced in 1865 by an event over barriers on a flat fields, which became the modern steeplechase in athletics.

In 1868, members of Thames Rowing Club looking for winter exercise (when rowing did not take place then) formed Thames Hare and Hounds in Roehampton on the south-west fringes of London and adjoining Wimbledon Common on which cross-country races were staged. They were joined by Peckham Hare and Hounds in 1869 (which became Blackheath Harriers in 1880), Cheshire Tally Ho Hare and Hounds in 1872, Birchfield Harriers 1877, Cambridge University Hare and Hounds in 1880, and Ranelagh Harriers in 1881. The English Cross Country Union followed in 1883 which introduced the National Championships. Most of these early clubs continue to thrive to this day. The reason for the names associated with hunting is that in many of the early matches, the course was set by paper chasing: a few runners (the hares) would have a start on the bulk of the field (the hounds), and lay a 'scent' by scattering a paper trail behind them which the hounds would follow. Racing would take place between the hares and the hounds and within the hounds themselves. Because of the obvious nuisance this can generate, this form of racing was largely discontinued quite early on. Occasional matches still take place, by Cheshire Tally Ho and the popular Hash House Harriers, for example. However, from an early date steeplechases and championship races also took place over fixed courses, as today.

In 1878, the sport was introduced into the United States by William C. Vosburgh. At first, the sport served mainly as training for summer track and field athletics. Nine years later, cross country running became a formal sport in the United States. Despite the international popularity of cross-country, the sport was dropped from the Olympic Games after 1924 due to it being an inappropriate summer sport. In the 1960s, the International Amateur Athletic Federation, which regulates cross-country running, allowed women to run for the first time.

The sport is still popular in temperate countries. Internationally, the IAAF organises the World Cross Country Championships. In recent years the type of course at this event has changed, moving from the traditional form to faster, drier courses.

Courses and distances

Each cross-country running course is different in composition. Distances are generally standardized, however there will be little in common between any two courses other than their distance. As such, accurate comparisons cannot be made between performances on different courses or even on the same course on different years as the weather and underfoot conditions can be significantly different. For this reason, records of the fastest times in international competition are not kept.

The start

Races are started en masse, sometimes with each team having its own bull pen or box along the start line. Boxes may be big enough to fit the entire team on the starting line. In some meets, there is only enough room for one runner on the line. The 2-7 runners follow in a line, and if permitted may flow into other boxes. A gun or horn is then sounded, and runners have a few hundred metres to converge from the wide starting line into the much narrower path that must be followed until the finish. However, races are typically smaller in the common duel races between two schools which supply enough room for each team on the starting line.

Marking the course

The runner is responsible for staying within a specified distance of the marked path. Courses may be marked using various methods, such as tape, chalk, paint, cones, and flags. Runners should avoid hitting marks such as cones and flags because these can be scattered, causing confusion as to where the course should be run.

The finish

The course usually ends at a finish line located at the beginning of a funnel or chute. The chute is a long, roped walkway that keeps athletes single-file in order of finishing.

Helpers at the finish line assist in making sure the athletes keep moving through the line while staying in order as more runners come through. They settle close finishes and help along any collapsing athletes to make sure they get their number in the right order. The helpers that work the chute also are in charge of giving water to the finishers and helping them if they are having trouble (vomiting, collapsing, trouble breathing).

There is often a small slip at the bottom of the runners' number (that is pinned to the front of their jersey during the race) that gets ripped off and collected, which shows each athlete's information. That slip is used to keep track of finishing positions. An alternative method (common in the UK) is to have 4 officials in two pairs. In the first pair one official reads out numbers of finishers. In the second pair one official reads out times, then records. At the end of the race the two lists are joined along with information from the entry information. The major disadvantage of this system is that distractions can easily upset the results, particularly when large numbers of runners finish close together.

Scoring

Name	Team		Score			Place
Individual Results
Malique	Blue Team		1			1
Rosemary	Independent		n/a			2
Sebastian	Yellow Team		2			3
Dan	Yellow Team		3			4
Alistair	Blue Team		4			5
Josephine	Yellow Team		5			6
Zed	Blue Team		6			7
Minksworth	Independent		n/a			8
Ulysses	Blue Team		7			9
Cornelius	Yellow Team		8			10
Waldo	Blue Team		9			11
Gerald	Yellow Team		10			12
Team Scores
Team	Total score	1	2	3	4	Tie breaker
Blue Team	18	1	4	6	7	9 *Wins tie
Yellow Team	18	2	3	5	8	10
Note on examples, there are usually 5 scoring runners on each team, 4 is for brevity.

Scoring is done by the noting of a number, or the issuing of a disk with the runner's position stamped on it which clubs use to compose a return for the race organisers. This helps the people running the meet make sure everyone is scored correctly. Less common is an open finish line, which usually involves reading radio-broadcasting computer chips (sometimes referred to as "chip timing") attached to each runner. Prior to the finish line, the course may widen to allow more passing.

Cross country running is normally scored on a team basis. Points are awarded to the individual runners of eligible teams, equal to the position in which they cross the finish line (first place gets 1 point, second place gets 2 points, etc). Teams are considered ineligible to score if they have fewer than the meet's required number of scorers, which is typically five. Only the first runners in for a team are counted towards that team's score. Teams are awarded ranks based on the number of points their top runners have, with lowest being best. The rules in the event of a tie vary depending on the competition; often the team that closes scoring first wins, though in the US NCAA ties are possible. In high school competition, if two teams tie, then the victor is decided by whose sixth runner, the first one whose score does not count, finished first.

The lowest possible score in a five-to-score match is 15 (1+2+3+4+5), achieved by a team's runners finishing in each of the top five positions. If there is a single opposing team then they would have a score of 40 (6+7+8+9+10), which can be considered a "sweep" for the winning team. In some competitions a team's sixth and seventh runner are scored in the overall field and are known as "pushers" or "displacers" as their place can count ahead of other runners. In the above match, if there are two non-scoring runners and they came 6th and 7th overall, the opponent's score would be 50 (8+9+10+11+12). Accordingly, the official score of a forfeited dual meet is 15-50.

Equipment

Cross-country running involves very little specialized equipment. Unless it is particularly cold, most races are run in shorts and vests or singlets, usually in club or school colors. Footwear is typically a pair of spikes, sometimes called cleats, which are light running shoes with a fairly rigid rubber sole that include metal spikes to maintain grip. Regulation spikes for cross country courses range from .25-.5 inches. Alternatively studded shoes may be worn, and in some leagues, spikes are not allowed, and all runners must wear spikeless "flats". On very cold days, many runners will choose to wear long sleeved and long legged garments under their vests and even hats and gloves.

Notable athletes

In recent years, international cross-country has been dominated by eastern Africans, particularly those representing Kenya and Ethiopia. Several athletes have won three or more individual titles at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships: Carlos Lopes, the first man to win three times; John Ngugi, the first man to win five times; Paul Tergat, the first man to win five times in a row; Kenenisa Bekele, the only man to win the short and long courses each five times in five years; Grete Waitz, the first woman to win five times; Tirunesh Dibaba who won three times at the long course and once at the short; Lynn Jennings, who won three times; Derartu Tulu, who won three times; Gete Wami, who won twice at the long course and once at the short; and Edith Masai, who won the short race three times.

Regional organization

Canada

Cross-country running is a far reaching sport in Canada. Starting in elementary school, most children have had some form of exposure to cross-country running, usually in the form of an annual all-school event. In middle school, races are more serious and are divided by grade and gender. In high school the races are very serious and tend to be the main talent pool (especially at the senior level) for university or national-level runners. At the university level, the sport is administered by the CIS.

United Kingdom

The organisation of cross-country running in the United Kingdom has continued to be mostly devolved to the four national associations: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The sport is based around the clubs, which usually are mixed cross-country and road running clubs. The current position (which is changing) is that in England, the ECCU is part of the Amateur Athletic Association.

Cross-country running takes place from roughly September until March. Most matches are parts of different cross-country leagues, which are organised on an ad hoc basis. These vary from large, high quality leagues, such as the Birmingham League and Surrey League (which is unusual in requiring ten runners to score) to small, local leagues (such as the Gloucestershire AA league), and individual clubs can be a member of several leagues.

Typically there will be four or five fixtures a season. In addition there are county championships, area championships (north, south, and midlands), the national championship (whose location rotates around the three areas), and the Inter-Counties Championship (which is often the best quality race owing to its restricted entry and its role as the trial for the World Championships).

In addition there can be many inter-club matches, particularly among the older clubs. Most league matches are around 10 km (6.2 miles) in length, and most championships 12 to 15 km (c. 7 1/2 to 9 miles) long. Most clubs are mixed, though women's races tend to be run separately from men's and to be shorter.

Secondary school aged students are also to compete at local schools races, with a set number of students qualifying for county level, at which there is a further race to qualify for the English Schools Cross Country race. There is also quite a lot of racing between universities, with larger fixtures organised through BUCS.

United States

Distances in United States (US) amateur running differ based on gender and league.

Most elementary schools in the US do not have school teams, but many running clubs exist for youth runners of 18 years of age and younger. Youth running clubs compete in local, regional, and national championships sanctioned by the AAU or USATF. Course distances for this age group vary depending on the age of the athlete. Common championship distances are:

Age Group	Distance in Miles	Distance in Kilometers
6 & Under	.62	1km
7 & 8	1.24	2km
9 thru 12	1.86	3km
13 & 14	2.48	4km
15 thru 18	3.11	5km

Many middle school (grades 6-8) in the US offer cross country as a school sport and youth running clubs are still very dominant in this age group. The course length varies, as listed above, but middle school cross country distances are generally a mile for both male and female.

In secondary/high schools, the standard male and female varsity distance is 5 kilometers (approximately 3.1 miles) in many states such as Wisconsin, North Carolina, Michigan, and Virginia. 3.0 miles is also common, such as in Illinois. However, states differ in their regulations, and in some, different distances, mostly 3 miles and 4 kilometers, are typical for females. Some of the most prominent high school meets include September's Great American Cross Country Festival in Alabama, October's Manhattan Invitational in New York City's Van Cortlandt Park, and October's Mt. San Antonio College Invitational , "Mt. SAC" for short. The season culminates with the individual Foot Locker National XC Championships held in San Diego's Balboa Park and the Nike Team Nationals which are held in Portland, Oregon.

At college level, distances are usually 5 km or 6 km for females and 8 km (5 miles) for males for most invitationals and NCAA Division III regional and national meets. For NCAA Divisions I and II, men race 10 km (6.2 mi) and women 6 km at regional and national competitions. The largest cross-country invitational in the world is at Mt. SAC The USATF National Championships consist of a long course and a short course similar to the IAAF World Championships. The long course is 12 km for men and 8 km for women, while the short course is 4 km for both men and women.

Outstanding American cross-country runners include Don Lash, who won seven consecutive national championships from 1934 to 1940 and Pat Porter, who won eight titles from 1982 to 1989. Only two American athletes have won the IAAF World Cross Country Championships; Craig Virgin, who won in 1980 and again in 1981 and Lynn Jennings from 1990-1992.