Introduction ()

• classes
• Long bones
• body, or diaphysis
• medullary canal
• epiphyses
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• tables of the skull
• vitreous table

• classes
• Flat bones
• diploë
• Irregular bones
• Surfaces of bones
• articular eminences
• articular depressions
• non-articular eminences
• tuberosity, protuberance, or process
• tubercle
• spine
• ridge, crest, or line
• non-articular depressions
• fossæ, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches
• perforation/passage
• foramen
• canal

Development of the Skeleton

• Skeleton
• axial skeleton
• appendicular skeleton
• Vertebral column
• primitive segments
• intersegmental septa
• myocœl
• cutis-plate
• muscle-plate
• sclerotome
• sclerotogenous layer

• Vertebral column
• membranous vertebral column

• Vertebral column
• cartilaginous vertebral column
• hypochordal bar or brace
• nucleus pulposus
• Ribs
• primitive costal arches

• Sternum
• sternal plate
• Skull

• Skull
• membranous cranium
• chondrocranium
• chordal or vertebral portion
• prechordal or prevertebral portion
• trabeculae cranii
• parachordal cartilages

• cartilaginous ear-capsules
• trabeculae cranii
• ethmoidal plate
• dermal or covering bones

bone ()

• Structure and Physical Properties
• compact tissue
• cancellous tissue

• medullary mem
• Periosteum
• granular corpuscles or osteoblasts
• Marrow

• Marrow
• myelocytes
• erythroblasts or normoblasts
• Giant cells (myeloplaxes, osteoclasts)
• Howship's foveolæ
• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
• blood vessels
• medullary artery or nutrient artery

• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
• veins
• Lymphatic vessels
• Nerves
• Minute Anatomy
• Haversian systems
• Haversian canal
• lamellæ
• lacunæ
• canaliculi
• interstitial lamellæ
• circumferential lamellæ

• Minute Anatomy
• primary or fundamental lamellæ
• secondary or special lamellæ
• Haversian canals
• lamellæ
• perforating fibers
• Lacunæ

• Minute Anatomy
• bone-cell
• bone-corpuscle
• Canaliculi
• bone cells
• Ossification
• intramembranous ossification

• Ossification
• intramembranous ossification
• osteoblasts
• Osteogenetic fibers

• Ossification
• intercartilaginous ossification
• epiphysial cartilage
• center of ossification
• primary areolæ
• perichondrium

• Ossification
• osteoblasts, or bone-formers
• osteoclasts, or bone-destroyers
• secondary areolæ or medullary spaces

• Ossification
• epiphyses
• pressure epiphyses
• traction epiphyses
• atavistic epiphyses

the vertebral column ()

• Columna Vertebralis; Spinal column

general characteristics of a vertebra ()

• typical vertebra
• vertebral foramen
• intervertebral foramina
• body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)

• body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)
• vertebral arch or neural arch (posterior part)
• pedicle of vertebral arch (radices arci vertebræ)
• vertebral notches
• lamina of the vertebral arch
• processes of vertebra
• 1 Spinous process (processus spinosus)
• 4 Articular processes
• 2 Transverse processes (processus transversi)

the cervical vertebrae ()

• cervical vertebræ
• body
• anterior surface
• posterior surface

• upper surface
• lower surface
• pedicles
• laminae
• vertebral foramen
• spinous process
• superior articular process
• inferior articular process
• transverse processes
• foramen transversarium
• costal process or costal element
• anterior tubercle
• posterior tubercle

• First cervical vertebra (atlas)
• anterior arch
• anterior tubercle
• posterior arch
• posterior tubercle
• fovea dentis
• dens (anatomy)
• sulcus arteriae vertebralis
• inferior vertebral notches
• lateral masses
• superior facets

• First cervical vertebra (atlas)
• inferior articular facets
• transverse processes
• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
• body
• dens or odontoid process
• apex

• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
• pedicles
• laminae
• transverse processes
• superior articular surfaces
• inferior articular surfaces
• superior vertebral notches
• inferior vertebral notches
• spinous process
• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens )
• transverse processes

• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens )
• cervical rib

the thoracic vertebrae ()

• thoracic vertebræ

• First thoracic vertebra
• Ninth thoracic vertebra
• Tenth thoracic vertebra
• Eleventh thoracic vertebra
• Twelfth thoracic vertebra

the lumbar vertebrae ()

• lumbar vertebræ

• tubercles
• mammillary process
• accessory process
• Fifth lumbar vertebra

the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae ()

• Sacrum (os sacrum)
• sacrovertebral angle
• Pelvic surface of sacrum (facies pelvina)
• transverse ridges
• anterior sacral foramina
• lateral parts of the sacrum

• Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
• middle sacral crest
• sacral groove
• sacral articular crests

• Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
• sacral cornua
• posterior sacral foramina
• lateral crests
• Lateral surface of sacrum
• auricular surface
• sacral tuberosity
• inferior lateral angle
• base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)

• base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)
• ala of sacrum
• Apex of the sacrum (apex oss. sacri)
• Vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal)

• Differences in the Sacrum of the Male and Female
• Coccyx (os coccygis)
• coccygeal cornua
• Ossification of the Vertebral column

• neurocentral synchondroses

• Ossification of the Vertebral column

the vertebral column as a whole ()

• Curves of vertebral column

• Posterior surface
• vertebral groove
• Lateral surfaces

the thorax ()

• thorax or chest

• Thorax: boundaries of:
• Thorax: skeleton of:
• upper opening of the thorax

• lower opening of the thorax
• subcostal angle

the sternum ()

• sternum (breast bone)

• Manubrium (manubrium sterni)
• jugular notch or presternal notch
• Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)

• Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)
• sternal foramen
• sternal angle (angulus Ludovici)
• Xiphoid process (processus xiphoideus; ensiform or xiphoid appendix)

• fissura sterni

the ribs ()

• ribs (Costæ)
• true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs
• false ribs
• vertebro-chondral ribs
• floating ribs or vertebral ribs
• intercostal spaces
• Common Characteristics of the Ribs
• Posterior Extremity
• crista colli costœ

• Posterior Extremity
• head of rib
• neck of rib
• tubercle of rib
• articular portion
• non-articular portion
• body or shaft
• angle
• costal groove

• Anterior extremity or sternal extremity
• Peculiar ribs
• First rib
• scalene tubercle
• Second rib

• Peculiar ribs
• Tenth rib
• Eleventh rib and Twelfth rib

the costal cartilages ()

• costal cartilages (Cartilagines Costales)

the skull ()

• skull
• cranium
• skeleton of the face

the cranial bones

the occipital bone ()

• occipital bone
• foramen magnum
• squama (squama occipitalis)
• external surface
• external occipital protuberance
• highest nuchal line

• squama (squama occipitalis)
• external surface
• superior nuchal line
• planum occipitale
• planum nuchale
• median nuchal line
• inferior nuchal line
• internal surface
• cruciate eminence
• internal occipital protuberance

• squama (squama occipitalis)
• internal surface
• sagittal sulcus
• internal occipital crest
• vermian fossa
• confluence of the sinuses
• Lateral parts of occipital bone (pars lateralis)
• under surfaces of the lateral part
• condyles
• hypoglossal canal (anterior condyloid foramen)
• condyloid fossa
• condyloid canal
• jugular process
• jugular notch
• intrajugular process
• paramastoid process
• upper surface of the lateral part
• jugular tubercle

• Basilar part of occipital bone (pars basilaris)
• pharyngeal tubercle
• Foramen magnum
• Angles
• superior angle
• posterior fontanelle
• inferior angle
• lateral angles
• Borders
• superior borders
• lambdoidal suture
• inferior borders
• Ossification of occipital bone

the parietal bone ()

• external surface
• parietal eminence (tuber parietale)

• external surface
• superior temporal line and inferior temporal line
• parietal foramen
• internal surface
• sagittal sulcus
• arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies)
• Borders
• sagittal border
• squamous border

• Borders
• coronal suture
• occipital border
• lambdoidal suture
• Angles
• frontal angle
• bregma
• anterior fontanelle
• sphenoidal angle
• occipital angle
• lambda
• posterior fontanelle
• mastoid angle
• asterion

the frontal bone ()

• Squama (squama frontalis)
• metopic suture
• frontal eminence (tuber frontale)
• superciliary arches
• glabella
• supraorbital margin

• Squama (squama frontalis)
• supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen
• zygomatic process
• temporal line
• upper temporal line and lower temporal line
• nasal part
• nasal notch
• nasion
• nasal process
• spine of squama
• sagittal sulcus
• frontal crest

• Squama (squama frontalis)
• foramen cecum
• Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)
• orbital plates
• ethmoidal notch
• lacrimal fossa
• fovea trochlearis
• trochlear spine
• ethmoidal notch
• anterior ethmoidal canal

• Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)
• posterior ethmoidal canal
• frontal air sinuses
• frontonasal duct
• border of the squama
• posterior borders of the orbital plates
• Ossification of frontal bone

the temporal bone ()

• temporal bone

• Squama (squama temporalis)
• temporal line, or supramastoid crest
• zygomatic process
• anterior root and posterior root
• articular tubercle (eminentia articularis)

• Squama (squama temporalis)
• suprameatal triangle, or mastoid fossa
• mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa)
• petrotympanic fissure (Glaserian fissure)

• parietal notch
• antero-inferior border
• Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
• mastoid foramen
• mastoid process
• mastoid notch (digastric fossa)
• occipital groove

• Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
• sigmoid sulcus
• mastoid cells
• tympanic antrum
• tegmen tympani
• attic or epitympanic recess
• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
• petrosquamous suture
• eminence (eminentia arcuata)
• tegmen tympani
• hiatus of the facial canal

• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
• Trigeminal impression
• posterior surface
• Internal acoustic meatus
• Crista falciformis
• Area cribrosa media
• Foramen singulare
• Tractus spiralis foraminosus
• Canalis centralis cochleœ
• Area cribrosa superior
• Area facialis
• Aquæductus Fallopii
• Aquæductus vestibuli
• Subarcuate fossa
• inferior surface
• Carotid canal

• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
• inferior surface
• aquæductus cochleæ
• jugular fossa
• inferior tympanic canaliculus
• mastoid canaliculus
• jugular surface
• vaginal process
• styloid process
• stylomastoid foramen
• angles
• superior angle
• posterior angle
• jugular fossa

• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
• angles
• jugular foramen
• anterior angle
• petrosquamous suture
• septum canalis musculotubarii (processus cochleariformis)
• Tympanic part (pars tympanica)
• tympanic sulcus
• antero-inferior surface
• vaginal process
• foramen of Huschke
• external acoustic meatus
• suprameatal spine
• Styloid process (processus styloideus)
• Ossification of temporal bone

• Ossification of temporal bone
• Proötic center of temporal bone
• Pterotic center of temporal bone
• Epiotic center of temporal bone
• tympanic ring

the sphenoid bone ()

• body of sphenoid bone
• sphenoidal air sinuses
• superior surface of sphenoid
• ethmoidal spine
• chiasmatic groove (optic groove)
• optic foramen
• tuberculum sellæ
• sella turcica
• fossa hypophyseos
• middle clinoid processes
• dorsum sellæ
• posterior clinoid processes
• petrosal process

• superior surface of sphenoid
• clivus
• lateral surfaces of sphenoid
• carotid groove
• lingula
• posterior surface of sphenoid

• anterior surface of sphenoid
• sphenoidal crest
• sphenoidal air sinus
• sphenoidal conchæ
• inferior surface of sphenoid
• sphenoidal rostrum
• vaginal process
• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)

• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
• spina angularis (sphenoidal spine)
• foramen rotundum
• foramen ovale
• foramen Vesalii
• foramen spinosum
• infratemporal crest
• sulcus tubæ

• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
• pterion
• Small wings (alæ parvæ)
• orbito-sphenoids
• Surfaces
• superior orbital fissure
• Borders
• anterior clinoid process
• optic foramen
• Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
• pterygopalatine groove
• pterygoid fissure
• pterygoid fossa
• scaphoid fossa
• lateral pterygoid plate
• Medial pterygoid plate
• pterygoid hamulus
• vaginal process

• Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
• pterygoid tubercle
• processus tubarius
• Sphenoidal conchæ (conchæ sphenoidales; sphenoidal turbinated processes)

ethmoid bone ()

• Cribiform plate (lamina cribrosa; horizontal lamina)
• crista galli
• alæ

• Perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis; vertical plate)
• Labyrinth or Lateral mass (labyrinthus ethmoidalis)
• ethmoidal cells
• Surfaces
• upper surface
• anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals
• posterior surface

• Surfaces
• lateral surface
• lamina papyracea (os planum)
• uncinate process

• Surfaces
• medial surface
• middle nasal concha
• superior meatus
• superior nasal concha
• middle meatus of the nose
• infundibulum
• sutural or Wormian bones

the facial bones

the nasal bones ()

• nasal bones

the maxillæ (upper jaw) ()

• maxillæ

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
• maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore)
• Surfaces
• anterior surface of the body of the maxilla
• incisive fossa
• canine fossa
• canine eminence
• infraorbital foramen
• nasal notch
• anterior nasal spine
• infratemporal surface of the body of the maxilla
• alveolar canals
• maxillary tuberosity

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
• Surfaces
• orbital surface of the body of the maxilla
• lacrimal notch
• infraorbital groove
• infraorbital canal

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
• Surfaces
• nasal surface of the body of the maxilla
• pterygopalatine canal
• lacrimal groove
• conchal crest

• Maxillary sinus or Antrum of Highmore (sinus maxillaris)

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
• alveolar canals
• Zygomatic process (processus zygomaticus; malar process)
• Frontal process (processus frontalis; nasal process)
• ethmoidal crest
• agger nasi
• lacrimal fossa
• anterior lacrimal crest
• lacrimal tubercle
• Alveolar process (processus alveolaris)
• alveolar arch
• alveolar point

• Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
• incisive foramen
• incisive canals
• foramina of Stenson
• foramina of Scarpa
• premaxilla (os incisivum)

• Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
• nasal crest
• incisor crest
• anterior nasal spine
• Ossification of maxilla

the lacrimal bone ()

• lacrimal bone

• posterior lacrimal crest
• lacrimal sulcus (sulcus lacrimalis)
• lacrimal hamulus
• lesser lacrimal bone

the zygomatic bone ()

• Surfaces
• malar surface
• zygomaticofacial foramen
• temporal surface
• zygomaticotemporal foramen

• Processes
• frontosphenoidal process

• Processes
• orbital process
• zygomaticoörbital foramina

• Processes
• maxillary process
• temporal process

• Borders
• antero-superior border or orbital border
• antero-inferior border or maxillary border
• postero-superior border or temporal border
• postero-inferior border or zygomatic border

• Ossification of zygomatic bone
• Articulations

the palatine bone ()

• pterygopalatine fossa and pterygoid fossa
• inferior orbital fissure

• Horizontal part of palatine bone (pars horizontalis; horizontal plate of palatine bone)
• posterior nasal spine
• Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
• conchal crest
• ethmoidal crest

• Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
• pterygopalatine canal
• maxillary process
• sphenopalatine notch
• sphenopalatine foramen
• processes
• Pyramidal process of palatine bone or Tuberosity (processus pyramidalis)
• Orbital process of palatine bone (processus orbitalis)

• processes
• Sphenoidal process of palatine bone (processus sphenoidalis)
• sphenopalatine notch
• Ossification of sphenoid

the inferior nasal concha ()

• inferior nasal concha
• lacrimal process
• ethmoidal process
• maxillary process

the vomer ()

• nasopalatine groove

• ethmovomerine cartilage

the mandible (lower jaw) ()

• Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
• external surface of mandible
• symphysis menti
• mental protuberance
• mental tubercle
• incisive fossa
• mental foramen
• oblique line
• internal surface of mandible
• mental spines

• Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
• internal surface of mandible
• mylohyoid line
• Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
• mandibular foramen
• lingula mandibulae
• mylohyoid groove
• mandibular canal

• Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
• angle of the mandible
• Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
• Condyloid process (processus condyloideus)
• condyle of condyloid process
• neck of condyloid process
• mandibular notch

• articulations of mandible
• Changes produced in the mandible by age
• Ossification of the mandible

the hyoid bone ()

• Basihyal of hyoid bone

• Greater Cornua or Thyrohyals (cornua majora)
• Lesser Cornua or Ceratohyals (cornua minora)

the exterior of the skull ()

Norma verticalis

• Norma verticalis
• coronal sutures
• sagittal sutures
• lambdoidal suture
• bregma
• lambda
• parietal eminence and parietal foramen
• obelion
• glabella
• superciliary arches
• frontal eminences
• frontal suture
• temporal lines

Norma basalis

• Norma basalis

• incisive foramen
• incisive canals (foramina of Stenson)
• foramina of Scarpa
• greater palatine foramen
• pyramidal process of the palatine bone
• lesser palatine foramina
• posterior nasal spine
• choanæ
• pharyngeal canals
• pterygoid canal
• scaphoid fossa
• hamulus
• pharyngeal tubercle
• foramen ovale
• foramen spinosum
• spina angularis (sphenoidal spine)
• mandibular fossa
• petrotympanic fissure
• articular tubercle

• styloid process
• stylomastoid foramen
• tympanomastoid fissure
• mastoid notch
• occipital groove
• foramen lacerum
• pterygoid canal
• carotid canal
• sulcus tubæ auditivæ
• petrosphenoidal fissure
• carotid canal
• aquæductus cochleæ
• jugular foramen
• inferior tympanic canaliculus
• mastoid canaliculus
• petroöccipital fissure
• foramen magnum
• jugular process
• basion
• opisthion
• condyloid fossa

• median nuchal line
• external occipital protuberance
• superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line

Norma lateralis

• Norma lateralis
• zygomaticotemporal suture
• zygomaticofrontal suture
• sphenozygomatic suture
• sphenofrontal suture
• sphenoparietal suture
• sphenosquamosal suture
• pterion

• squamosal suture
• parietomastoid suture
• coronal suture and lambdoidal suture
• occipitomastoid suture
• mastoid foramen
• asterion
• superciliary arch
• frontal eminence
• parietal eminence
• external occipital protuberance
• temporal lines
• Temporal fossa (fossa temporalis)
• stephanion
• zygomaticotemporal foramen
• infratemporal crest
• inferior orbital fissure or sphenomaxillary fissure
• zygomatic arch
• external acoustic meatus
• suprameatal triangle
• suprameatal spine
• mandibular fossa

• Infratemporal fossa (fossa infratemporalis; zygomatic fossa)
• zygomatic arch
• foramen ovale and foramen spinosum
• alveolar canals
• inferior orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis inferior; sphenomaxillary fissure)

• pterygomaxillary fissure
• Pterygopalatine fossa (fossa pterygopalatina; sphenomaxillary fossa)
• foramen rotundum
• pterygoid canal
• pharyngeal canal
• sphenopalatine foramen
• pterygopalatine canal

Norma occipitalis

• Norma occipitalis
• sagittal suture
• lambdoidal suture
• parietomastoid suture
• occipitomastoid suture
• external occipital protuberance or inion
• planum occipitale
• planum nuchale
• mastoid foramen

Norma frontalis

• Norma frontalis
• anterior nasal aperture

• frontal eminences
• superciliary arches
• glabella
• frontal suture
• nasion
• supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen

• anterior nasal spine
• infraorbital foramen
• zygomaticofacial foramen

• incisive fossa
• mental foramen

Orbits

• Orbits (orbitæ)
• roof of orbit
• trochlear fovea
• lacrimal fossa
• floor of orbit
• infraorbital groove

• medial wall
• lacrimal groove
• posterior lacrimal crest
• dacryon
• anterior ethmoidal foramen
• posterior ethmoidal foramen
• lateral wall
• superior orbital fissure
• inferior orbital fissure
• base of the orbit
• supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen
• apex of orbit

the interior of the skull ()

• Inner Surface of the Skull-cap

• Skull: upper surface of base of:
• Skull: fossa of:
• Anterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii anterior)
• Frontoethmoidal suture
• Sphenoethmoidal suture
• sphenofrontal suture
• frontal crest
• foramen cecum
• crista galli
• olfactory groove
• anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
• ethmoidal spine

• Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
• squamosal suture
• sphenoparietal suture
• sphenosquamosal suture
• sphenopetrosal suture

• Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
• carotid groove

• Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
• lingula
• superior orbital fissure
• foramen rotundum
• foramen ovale
• foramen Vesalii
• foramen spinosum
• foramen lacerum
• hiatus of the facial canal

• Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)
• occipitomastoid suture
• parietomastoid suture
• foramen magnum

• Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)
• petro-occipital fissure
• jugular foramen
• internal acoustic meatus
• inferior occipital fossæ
• internal occipital crest
• transverse sinuses
• mastoid foramen
• condyloid canal

• Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
• roof of nasal cavity
• floor of nasal cavity
• medial wall (septum nasi)

• Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
• lateral wall
• superior meatus
• sphenopalatine foramen
• posterior ethmoidal cells
• sphenoethmoidal recess
• middle meatus
• hiatus semilunaris
• bulla ethmoidalis
• infundibulum
• frontonasal duct
• ostium maxillare
• inferior meatus

• Anterior nasal aperture
• choanæ
• Fontanelles
• anterior fontanelle (bregmatic fontanelle)
• posterior fontanelle
• lateral fontanelles

• Skull: sexual differences in:
• Craniology

• The Points in the Median plane
• The Points on Either Side of the Median plane

• Cleft palate
• Endognathion
• Mesognathion

the extremities ()

the bones of the upper extremity

the clavicle ()

• (Ossa Extremitatis Superioris) & (Clavicula; Collar bone)
• clavicle
• coracoid tuberosity (conoid tubercle)
• oblique or trapezoid ridge

• costal tuberosity (rhomboid impression)
• subclavian groove
• Sternal extremity (extremitas sternalis; internal extremity)
• Acromial extremity (extremitas acromialis; outer extremity)

the scapula/Shoulder blade ()

• Surfaces
• subscapular fossa

• Surfaces
• subscapular angle
• supraspinatous fossa
• infraspinatous fossa
• Spine of scapula (spina scapulæ)
• crest of the spine
• great scapular notch
• Acromion

• Borders
• superior border
• scapular notch

• Borders
• axillary border
• infraglenoid tuberosity

• Borders
• vertebral border
• Angles
• medial angle
• inferior angle

• Angles
• lateral angle
• glenoid cavity
• glenoidal labrum
• supraglenoid tuberosity
• Coracoid process (processus coracoideus)

• Ossification of scapula

the humerus ()

• Upper extremity of humerus
• head of humerus (caput humeri)
• surgical neck
• Anatomical neck (collum anatomicum)
• Greater tubercle (tuberculum majus; greater tuberosity)
• Lesser tubercle (tuberculum minus; lesser tuberosity)
• intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
• crests of the greater and lesser tubercles (bicipital ridges)
• body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)

• body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)
• radial sulcus (musculospiral groove)
• lateral supracondylar ridge
• crest of the lesser tubercle
• medial supracondylar ridge
• deltoid tuberosity
• radial sulcus

• Lower extremity of humerus
• articular surface
• capitulum of the humerus
• radial fossa
• trochlea
• coronoid fossa
• olecranon fossa
• supratrochlear foramen
• lateral epicondyle
• medial epicondyle

• Ossification of humerus

the ulna ()

• Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
• Olecranon (olecranon process)
• Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
• tuberosity of the ulna
• radial notch

• Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
• Semilunar notch (incisura semilunaris; greater sigmoid cavity)
• Radial notch (incisura radialis; lesser sigmoid cavity)
• Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)

• Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)
• perpendicular line
• medial surface (facies medialis; internal surface)
• Lower extremity (distal extremity)
• head of ulna
• styloid process

• ossification of ulna

the radius ()

• Upper extremity of radius (proximal extremity)
• head of radius
• neck of radius
• radial tuberosity
• Body of radius or Shaft of radius (corpus radii)
• oblique line of the radius

• Lower extremity of radius
• ulnar notch of the radius (sigmoid cavity)
• styloid process
• Ossification of radius

the hand

the carpus ()

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
• Navicular bone (os naviculare manus; scaphoid bone)

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
• Lunate bone (os lunatum; semilunar bone)
• Triangular bone (os triquetum; cuneiform bone)

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
• Pisiform bone (os pisiforme)
• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
• Greater multangular bone (os multangulum majus; trapezium)
• Lesser multangular bone (os multangulum minus; trapezoid bone)

• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
• Capitate bone (os capitatum; os magnum)

• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
• Hamate bone (os hamatum; unciform bone)
• Hamulus of hamate bone

the metacarpus ()

• metacarpus

• Metacarpal bones (Ossa metacarpalia I-V )
• First metacarpal bone
• Second metacarpal bone
• Third metacarpal bone
• Fourth metacarpal bone
• Fifth metacarpal bone

the phalanges of the hand ()

• phalanges (Phalanges digitorum manus)
• body
• proximal extremities
• distal extremities
• ungual phalanges
• Articulations

the bones of the lower extremity

the hip bone ()

• Ossa Extremitatis Inferioris & Os Coxæ; Innominate bone
• hip bone
• acetabulum
• obturator foramen

Ilium

• Ilium (os ilii)
• arcuate line
• Body of ilium (corpus oss. ilii)

• Ala (ala oss. ilii)
• External surface
• dorsum ilii
• posterior gluteal line (superior curved line)

• Ala (ala oss. ilii)
• External surface
• anterior gluteal line (middle curved line)
• inferior gluteal line (inferior curved line)

• Ala (ala oss. ilii)
• Internal surface of the ala
• iliac fossa
• arcuate line
• anterior surface (auricular surface)
• iliac tuberosity
• preauricular sulcus
• Crest of the ilium
• Anterior border of the ala
• anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine
• anterior inferior iliac spine
• iliopectineal eminence
• Posterior border of the ala
• posterior superior iliac spine
• posterior inferior iliac spine
• greater sciatic notch

Ischium

• Ischium (os ischii)
• body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)

• body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)
• posterior obturator tubercle
• ischial spine
• greater sciatic notch
• lesser sciatic notch
• Superior ramus (ramus superior ossis ischii; descending ramus)
• tuberosity of the ischium
• Inferior ramus (ramus inferior ossis ischii; ascending ramus)

Pubis

• Pubis (os pubis)
• Body of pubis (corpus oss. pubis)
• Superior ramus (ramus superior oss. pubis; ascending ramus)
• Medial portion of superior ramus
• pubic tubercle (pubic spine)
• subcutaneous inguinal ring (external abdominal ring)
• inguinal ligament (Poupart's ligament)
• inguinal falx (conjoined tendon of Obliquus internus and Transversus)
• lacunar ligament (Gimbernat's ligament)
• reflected inguinal ligament (triangular fascia)
• pubic crest
• Lateral portion of superior ramus
• iliopectineal eminence
• obturator crest

• Inferior ramus (ramus inferior oss. pubis; descending ramus)
• Acetabulum (cotyloid cavity)
• glenoidal labrum (cotyloid ligament)
• acetabular notch
• acetabular fossa
• lunate surface
• Obturator foramen (foramen obturatum; thyroid foramen)
• obturator groove
• posterior obturator tubercle
• anterior obturator tubercle

the pelvis ()

• bones comprising pelvis
• left and right hip bones
• sacrum
• coccyx
• linea terminalis (pelvic brim)
• Greater pelvis or False pelvis (pelvis major)

• Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
• Superior circumference
• superior aperture or inlet
• anteroposterior or conjugate diameter
• transverse diameter
• oblique diameter

• Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
• Lower circumference
• inferior aperture or outlet
• pubic arch
• sciatic notches
• antero-posterior diameter
• transverse diameter

• Pelvis: male and female, differences between:

the femur ()

• Femur (Thigh bone)

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
• Head of femur (caput femoris)
• fovea capitis femoris
• Neck of femur (collum femoris)

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
• Trochanters
• Greater trochanter (trochanter major; great trochanter)
• trochanteric fossa (digital fossa)

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
• Lesser trochanter (trochanter minor; small trochanter)
• tubercle of the femur
• intertrochanteric line (spiral line of the femur)

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
• intertrochanteric crest
• linea quadrata
• Body of femur or Shaft of femur (corpus femoris)
• linea aspera
• gluteal tuberosity
• third trochanter
• pectineal line
• popliteal surface
• adductor tubercle
• medial lip
• lateral lip

• Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)
• condyles
• patellar surface
• intercondyloid fossa
• lateral condyle
• medial condyle
• intercondyloid line
• medial epicondyle
• lateral epicondyle

• Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)
• articular surface
• patellar surface
• tibial surfaces

• Ossification of femur

the patella ()

• Patella (Knee cap)

the tibia ()

• Tibia (Shin bone)
• Upper extremity of tibia (proximal extremity)
• medial condyle and lateral condyle
• superior articular surface
• intercondyloid eminence (spine of tibia)
• anterior surfaces
• tuberosity of the tibia
• posterior intercondyloid fossa

• Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
• interosseous crest or lateral border

• Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
• popliteal line

• Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
• nutrient foramen
• Lower extremity of tibia
• medial malleolus
• inferior articular surface

• Lower extremity of tibia
• malleolar sulcus
• Ossification of tibia

the fibula ()

• Fibula (Calf bone)
• Upper extremity or Head of fibula (capitulum fibulœ; proximal extremity)
• apex (styloid process)
• Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
• antero-lateral border
• antero-medial border, or interosseous crest

• Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
• postero-lateral border
• postero-medial border (oblique line)

• Lower extremity or Lateral malleolus (malleolus lateralis; distal extremity; external malleolus)
• malleolar sulcus

the foot

the tarsus ()

• Tarsal bones (Ossa tarsi)
• Calcaneus (Os calcis)
• Calcaneal sulcus

• Calcaneus (Os calcis)
• Calcaneal tuberosity
• Sustentaculum tali
• Trochlear process of calcaneus
• Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)

• Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)
• Corpus tali
• sulcus tali
• sinus tarsi

• Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)
• Os trigonum
• Collum tali
• Caput tali
• Cuboid bone (Os cuboideum)
• Tuberosity of cuboid

• Navicular bone of tarsus (Os naviculare pedis)
• Tuberosity of navicular bone
• Cuneiform bones
• First cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme primum)

• Cuneiform bones
• Second cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme secundum)
• Third cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme tertium)

the metatarsus ()

• Metatarsus
• Metatarsal bones (Ossa metatarsalia)
• First metatarsal bone

• Second metatarsal bone

• Third metatarsal bone
• Fourth metatarsal bone
• Fifth metatarsal bone
• Tuberosity: of fifth metatarsal bone

the phalanges of the foot ()

• phalanges of the foot (Phalanges Digitorum Pedis)
• ungual phalanges

comparison of the bones of the hand and foot ()

• Comparison of bones of hand and foot

the sesamoid bones ()

• Sesamoid bones (Ossa sesamoidea )

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy