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Comparison microscope

A comparison microscope, sometimes known also as stereomicroscope or dissecting microscope, is a device used to analyze side-by-side specimens. It consists of two microscopes connected to an optical bridge, which results in a split view window. The comparison microscope is used in forensic sciences to compare microscopic patterns and identify or deny their common origin. The idea behind the comparison microscope is simple. Two microscopes are placed next to each other and the optical paths of each microscope are connected together by the optical bridge would help the forensic examiners to compare two specimens simultaneously instead of depending on their memory.

Forensic ballistics

Handguns predominated as the firearm of choice in shooting-related crimes, especially in the United States of America. As with most firearms, the fired ammunition components may acquire sufficient unique and reproducible microscopic marks to be identifiable as having been fired by a single firearm. Making these comparisons is correctly referred to as firearms identification, or sometimes called as "ballistics". Historically, and currently, this forensic discipline ultimately requires a microscopic side-by-side comparison of fired bullets or cartridge cases, one pair at a time, by a forensic examiner to confirm or possibly eliminate the two items as having been fired by a single firearm. For this purpose, the traditional tool of the firearms examiner has been what is often called the ballistics comparison microscope. Comparison microscope is essential for the forensic ballistics expert in comparing bullets and spent cartridge casings. The interior of a gun's barrel is machined to have grooves that force the bullet to rotate as it travels along it. These grooves and their counterpart, called "lands" imprint groove and land impressions on the surface of the bullet. Together with these land and groove impressions, imperfections on the barrel surface are incidentally transferred to the bullet's surface. Because these imperfections are randomly generated, during manufacture or due to use, they are unique to each barrel. These patterns or imperfections, therefore, amount to a "signature" that each barrel imprints on each of the bullets fired through it. It is this "signature" on the bullets imparted due to the unique imperfections on the barrel that enable the validation and identification of bullets as having originated from a particular gun. Comparison microscope is used to analyze the matching of the microscopic impressions found on the surface of bullets and casings.

When a firearm or a bullet or cartridge case are recovered from a crime scene, forensic examiners compare the ballistic fingerprint of the recovered bullet or cartridge case with the ballistic fingerprint of a second bullet or cartridge case test-fired from the recovered firearm. If the ballistic fingerprint on the test-fired bullet or cartridge case matches the ballistic fingerprint on the recovered bullet or cartridge case, investigators know that the recovered bullet or cartridge case was also fired from the recovered gun. A confirmed link between a specific firearm and a bullet or cartridge case recovered from a crime scene constitutes a valuable lead, because investigators may be able to connect the firearm to a person, who may then become either a suspect or a source of information helpful to the investigation.

Sacco and Vanzetti case

Forensic innovator Calvin Goddard offered ballistic identification evidence in 1921 to help secure convictions of accused murderers and anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. On April 8, 1927, Sacco and Vanzetti were finally sentenced to death in the electric chair. A worldwide outcry arose and Governor Alvin T. Fuller finally agreed to postpone the executions and set up a committee to reconsider the case. By this time, firearms examination had improved considerably, and it was now known that an automatic pistol could be traced by several different methods if both bullet and casing were recovered from the scene. Automatic pistols could now be traced by unique markings of the rifling on the bullet, by firing pin indentations on the fired primer, or by unique ejector and extractor marks on the casing. The committee appointed to review the case used the services of Calvin Goddard in 1927. Goddard used Philip Gravelle's newly-invented comparison microscope and helixometer, a hollow, lighted magnifier probe used to inspect gun barrels, to make an examination of Sacco's .32 Colt, the bullet that killed Berardelli, and the spent casings recovered from the scene of the crime. In the presence of one of the defense experts, he fired a bullet from Sacco's gun into a wad of cotton and then put the ejected casing on the comparison microscope next to casings found at the scene. Then he looked at them carefully. The first two casings from the robbery did not match Sacco's gun, but the third one did. Even the defense expert agreed that the two cartridges had been fired from the same gun. The second original defense expert also concurred. The committee upheld the convictions. In October 1961, ballistics tests were run with improved technology using Sacco's Colt automatic. The results confirmed that the bullet that killed the victim, Berardelli in 1920 came from the same .32 Colt Auto taken from the pistol in Sacco's possession. Subsequent investigations in 1983 also supported Goddard's findings.

St. Valentine's Day massacre

Colonel Goddard was the key forensic expert in solving the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre in which seven gangsters were killed by rival Al Capone mobsters dressed as Chicago police officers. It was also led to the establishment at Northwestern University, United States' first independent criminological laboratory, which Goddard headed, and where ballistics, fingerprinting, blood analysis and trace evidence where brought under one roof. In 1929, using a comparison microscope adapted for the ballistics comparison by his partner, Phillip Gravelle, Goddard used similar techniques to absolve the Chicago Police Department of participation in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. The case of Sacco and Vanzetti, which took place in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, is responsible for popularizing the use of the comparison microscope for bullet comparison. Forensic expert Calvin Goddard's conclusions were upheld when the evidence was reexamined in 1961.

History

The history of comparison microscope dated back to the 1920s where forensic ballistics was waiting for the inception. The controversial case of accused murderers and anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti was such a beginning point. Comparison microscope was used for ballistic identification evidence in 1921 to help secure convictions of accused murderers Sacco and Vanzetti. In 1929, using a comparison microscope adapted for the purpose by Calvin Goddard and his partner Phillip Gravelle used similar techniques to absolve the Chicago Police Department of participation in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.

Col. Calvin H. Goddard

Philip O. Gravelle, a chemist, developed comparison microscope for use in the identification of fired bullets and cartridge cases with the support and guidance of forensic ballistics pioneer Calvin Goddard. It was a giant leap in the science of firearms identification in forensic science. The firearm from which a bullet or cartridge case has been fired is identified by the comparison of the unique striae left on the bullet or cartridge case from the worn, machined metal of the barrel, breach block, extractor, or firing pin in the gun. It was Gravelle who mistrusted his memory. "As long as he could inspect only one bullet at a time with his microscope, and had to keep the picture of it in his memory until he placed the comparison bullet under the microscope, scientific precision could not be attained. He invented the comparison microscope and Goddard made it work." Calvin Goddard perfected the comparison microscope for use in bullet and cartridge case comparison and popularized it. Sir Sydney Smith also appreciated the idea, emphasizing the importance of stereo-microscope in forensic science and firearms identification. He took the comparison microscope to Scotland and introduced it to the European scientists for firearms identification and other forensic uses.

The present

During the 1960s there were proposals to somehow "computerize" the process of microscopic comparisons of fired ammunition components, but at that time neither the software nor the hardware existed to implement the theories. By the 1980s that situation had changed radically, as represented by high-capacity computer systems adapted to the requirements of digital imaging, pattern recognition, image storage and comparison algorithms. Cooperation between private industry, law enforcement and forensic subject matter experts lead to the evolution of the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS), now the preeminent system. It is deployed worldwide by Forensic Technology, Incorporated (FTI) of Montreal.

Modern comparison microscope

Comparison of microscope has evolved since the mid-1920s Sacco and Vanzetti case into an instrument with many optical, mechanical and electronic refinements, including fiber optic illumination, video capabilities, digital imaging, automatic exposure for conventional photography, etc. Despite this evolution, however, the basic tools and techniques have remained unchanged in their essential details which are to determine whether or not ammunition components were fired by a single firearm based on a sufficiency of unique and reproducible microscopic and class characteristics, or to reach a "no conclusion" result if insufficient marks are present.

Since, ballistic identification has benefited from a long series of structural, scientific and technological advances, law enforcement agencies have established forensic labs and researchers have learned much more about how to match bullets and cartridge cases to the guns used to fire them, and comparison microscopes have become more sophisticated. By the end of the 1980s, ballistic identification was an established subspecialty of forensic science. Modern comparison microscope combines the latest opto-mechanical developments in light microscopy with ease of use and ergonomics, which allows the forensic examiner to achieving results with highest accuracy and efficiency. The comparison microscope like Leica FS4000 allows highly precise comparison of two objects at magnification up to 1500x and gives reliable proof of slightest differences in the microstructure, texture and colour. It allows side by side comparisons of two slides as well as the ability to view each slide individually.

Intelligent Automation Inc., an American Research and Development firm, has developed and implemented a visualization tool called the "Virtual Comparison Microscope" that allows the firearms examiner to verify the degree of similarity between any two tool-marks in question. The Virtual Comparison Microscope was designed to simulate the operation of the comparison microscope commonly used by firearms examiners. It is capable of rendering a 2D view of the 3D surfaces in a manner similar to that of the comparison microscope. It also enables the examiner to translate one tool mark or striae with respect to the other, overlap them, modify illumination conditions, zoom in and out, adjust the point of view of the user, and even provides the ability to create a split image on the screen that includes a hair-line to demarcate one tool-mark on the left of the screen from the other on the right.

The Virtual Comparison Microscope allows for all the viewing conditions to be same for both tool-marks, and it does not require the adjustment of either the independent illumination or the focus of the tool-marks. Other unique characteristics of the Virtual Comparison Microscope include its ability to simulate any material or "palette" which may be useful to the user as well as adjustment of the angle of incidence of the light and the light intensity that can assist in emphasizing certain features in the 3-D images for better visualization. Some of the capabilities of the Virtual Comparison Microscope have no counterpart in a conventional comparison microscope. The Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) system, developed by Forensic Technology, of Montreal, is a modern configuration of BulletTRAX-3D paired with MatchPoint Plus. This integrated system allows for image data entry, storage in a server and correlations (comparison of surface topography) between new and stored bullet image data. Search results are ranked and images are made available to examiners for preliminary evaluations prior to actual microscopic examinations. The Latest Configuration of IBIS BulletTRAX-3D combined with MatchPoint Plus is now being offered by Forensic Technology Inc., as an advanced technical solution for case linkage using fired bullets recovered at shooting scenes and from shooting victims. This integrated workstation is designed as a tool for the firearms examiner in preparing for the ultimate procedure, the physical microscopic intercomparison of fired bullets. The system as a whole takes advantage of the strength of computer technology by making massive numbers of eliminations of bullets from previously entered cases as candidates for physical comparison and potential case linkage with a bullet from a current case. It then combines that information with the ability of the human examiner to make the final decisions regarding those relatively few candidates selected by the system for the examiner's consideration and possible microscopic comparison. IBIS ,Integrated Ballistics Identification System, is currently used by forensic examiners over 30 countries and territories.

BulletTRAX-3D revolutionized the way bullet evidence is analyzed, and many forensic experts believe that this technology will eventually replace the comparison microscope. Integrated Brass TRAX-3D, a device designed to allow investigators to capture and examine both three-dimensional and two dimensional images f cartridge cases. The BrassTRAX-3D and the BulletTRAX-3D bullet imaging device to form the IBIS-TRAX 3D line of ballistics identification systems. The IBIS - TRAX 3D line is designed to suggest possible matches between pairs of spent bullets and cartridge cases. The system is also engineered to include three-dimensional image viewing tools, modular flexibility, and higher automation.

In the 1990s, computers joined comparison microscopes as essential tools of forensic examination. With advances in digital imaging technology and data storage capacity, forensic examiners envisioned a centralized database of images of bullets and cartridge cases that could be compared against a bullet or cartridge case recovered from a crime scene. By the mid 1990s, two such systems emerged. The first system, developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), was called "Drugfire." Drugfire used imaging software to capture, catalog and compare digital images of cartridge cases, bullets were added later. A forensic examiner would capture an image of a recovered bullet or cartridge and compare it with similar images from the database. Drugfire enabled the examiner to see many images of potential matches on one screen, greatly speeding up the process. However, Drugfire did not rank the images by how close a match they were, leaving that determination entirely to the examiner. More than 170 law enforcement agencies nationwide participated in the Drugfire program. The second system, developed by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), was originally called "Ceasefire." Like Drugfire, Ceasefire used imaging software to capture images of the markings on bullets and included a sophisticated comparison algorithm that automatically identified likely matches. Rather than requiring the examiner to sift through dozens or hundreds of images, the computer presented the examiner with a ranked list of the most likely matches. When the ATF expanded Ceasefire to include cartridge cases, it renamed the program the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS).

In 1997, the ATF and the FBI agreed to try to combine Drugfire and IBIS to reduce the cost and inefficiency of maintaining both systems. However, technical obstacles prevented integrating the systems, sparking a pitched battle for supremacy. supporters of the FBI's Drugfire system preferred its imaging technology and the degree of control they retained, while supporters of ATF's IBIS system praised its automation and speed. After several years of wrangling, a compromise emerged. The new system would adopt IBIS's imaging technology and comparison algorithms while relying on the FBI's telecommunications network. Although a few devotees continued to use Drugfire on their own, IBIS became the standard centralized system. The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) was born.