The Committee supervised the local police committees in charge of investigating reports of treason, and was one of the agencies with authority to refer suspects to the Revolutionary Tribunal with authority to execute by guillotine. 
By 1794 the Committee became part of the opposition to Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety and elements were involved in the 9 Thermidor coup d'etat. 
It was designed to protect the Revolutionary Republic from its internal enemies (A History of the Modern World. R.R. Palmer)