Queneau, Raymond, 1903-76, French author and critic. He was an advocate of surrealism during the middle and late 1920s. Queneau is best known for his manipulations of style and language and his use of street slang in literary works. He often parodied traditional literary forms, as in his pastiche Exercices de style (1947). His novels include Le Chiendent (1933; tr. The Bark Tree, 1968), Les Enfants du Limon (1938; tr. Children of Clay, 1998), Un Rude Hiver (1940; tr. A Hard Winter, 1948), Pierrot, mon ami (1943), Le Dimanche de la vie [the Sunday of life] (1952), and the comic bestseller Zazie dans le Métro (1959; tr. Zazie, 1960). He also wrote a great deal of poetry (see his Selected Poems, tr. 1970), and many of his novels contain extended verse passages.

Poincaré, Raymond, 1860-1934, French statesman, president of France (1913-20); cousin of Jules Henri Poincaré. A member of the chamber of deputies from 1887, he held numerous cabinet posts from 1893 to 1906. In 1912 he became premier and foreign minister, and in 1913 he was elected to succeed Armand Fallières as president. A conservative and a nationalist, he proceeded to strengthen France to face possible hostilities. A bill increasing military service to three years was passed, and French alliances with Great Britain and Russia were tightened. During World War I, Poincaré called on (1917) Georges Clemenceau to form a new cabinet, despite his personal hatred of the man. After the war Poincaré called for harsh punishment of Germany and for adequate guarantees of French security. He regarded the Treaty of Versailles as too lenient. On completing his presidential term, Poincaré returned to the senate, which he had entered first in 1903, and became a leader of the bloc national, a coalition of conservative parties. This brought him again to the premiership and the ministry of foreign affairs in 1922. In the face of Germany's failure to pay the heavy reparations assigned by the peace treaty, Poincaré sent French troops to occupy the Ruhr in 1923. He failed, however, to coerce Germany into paying its reparations, and in May, 1924, he was forced to resign following the conservatives' defeat in the general elections. Financial crisis returned him to office in 1926. He retained Aristide Briand, who supported cooperation with Germany, as his foreign minister. To deal with the financial situation, Poincaré pursued an extreme deflationary policy, balancing the budget and securing (1928) the stabilization of the franc at one fifth of its former value. He retired from office in 1929 but continued to preach the need for security and to proclaim his opposition to treaty revision. Among Poincaré's writings are How France Is Governed (tr. 1919) and his memoirs (tr. 1926).

Raymond, c.1140-1187, count of Tripoli (1152-87), great-great-grandson of Raymond IV of Toulouse. He played a leading part in the last years of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Captured (1164) by the Muslims, he was released c.1173 and became (1174) regent for King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem. He gave up that post in 1176, but in 1183 was appointed regent for Baldwin V. Leading the baronial faction in the kingdom, Raymond opposed Guy of Lusignan, who became king at the death (1186) of Baldwin, and he even entered into an alliance with Saladin. However, in 1187 he became reconciled with Guy and valiantly led the Christians in the battle of Hattin. Saladin was victorious, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem soon fell entirely into the hands of the Muslims. Raymond died at Tyre soon after the battle.

Raymond, town (1991 pop. 3,130), S Alta., Canada, SE of Lethbridge, in a sugar beet area. Sugar is refined and honey is produced there. A provincial agricultural college is in the town.

Radiguet, Raymond, 1903-23, French writer. In his brief career he wrote two penetrating novels—The Devil in the Flesh (1923, tr. 1932), a study of adolescence; and Le Bal du comte d'Orgel (1924, tr., Count's Ball, 1929, Count d'Orgel, 1953), a sophisticated novel of manners reflecting the disillusionment of the post-World War I period.

Barre, Raymond, 1924-2007, French politician. He studied at the Institut D'Études Politiques, taught, and then, in 1959, became an economic adviser to the government of Charles de Gaulle. He later was the European Economic Community's commissioner for economic and financial affairs (1967-73). In 1976, he became minister of foreign trade and then succeeded Jacques Chirac as premier, serving from 1976 to 1981. A conservative politician, he pursued an austere economic program. He was elected to the national assembly in 1978 as a member of the Union for French Democracy (UDF). In 1988 Barre placed third in the presidential election, behind François Mitterrand and Chirac. He served as mayor of Lyons, France, from 1995 to 2001.

Roussel, Raymond, 1877-1933, French writer. Roussel was an eccentric whose beautifully written work employed hallucinatory imagery while eschewing emotion and the expression of personality. At first generally unappreciated, Roussel's writing—most notably, Impressions d'Afrique (1910) and How I Write Certain of My Books (1935, tr. 1971)—is now recognized as anticipating both surrealism and the nouveau roman [new novel] (see French literature).

Lully, Raymond: see Lull, Ramón.

Carver, Raymond, 1938-88, American short-story writer, b. Clatskanie, Oreg. He was raised in the Pacific Northwest, where he often set his sparely written tales of everyday blue-collar life. His personal struggles with poverty and alcoholism (he stopped drinking in 1977) also colored his work. Carver's stark, minimal narrative style, pared-down language, and episodic plot lines are particularly effective in capturing the gritty reality of his characters. Captured, too, is the ordinary yet often revelatory nature of his characters' experiences and the range of their emotions, which often include guilt, grief, hopelessness, and the effects of fading love. Nonetheless, his stories are frequently tinged with a biting humor. His story collections include Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (1976), What We Talk about When We Talk about Love (1981), Cathedral (1983), Where I'm Calling From (1988), and the posthumously published Call If You Need Me (2001). Some of Carver's stories were heavily edited by his editor and the changes that were made have been controversial, with some preferring the tighter prose and sometimes changed story lines of the edited versions and some favoring the denser and more expansive original texts. The varying versions can be found in Raymond Carver: Collected Stories (2009). Carver also wrote poetry, which was collected in such volumes as Where Water Comes Together with Other Water (1985) and In a Marine Light (1988).

Duchamp-Villon, Raymond, 1876-1918, French sculptor; brother of the artists Marcel Duchamp and Jacques Villon. From the tradition of Rodin he turned to cubism in 1912. He began to assemble machinelike forms with more than a touch of fantasy. His famous geometrically faceted Horse is in the Musée national d'Art moderne, Paris, which contains other of his works. An enlarged cast of the Horse, made after the sculptor's death, is in the Museum of Modern Art, New York City.

Davis, Raymond, Jr., 1914-2006, American astrochemist, Ph.D. Yale Univ. 1942. Davis was a researcher at Monsanto Chemical Company (1946-48) and Brookhaven National Laboratory (1948-84). In 1984 he was named a research professor at the Univ. of Pennsylvania, a position he held until his death in 2006. Davis received the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics with Riccardo Giacconi and Masatoshi Koshiba for pioneering contributions to astrophysics. Davis and Koshiba are credited with detecting cosmic neutrinos, the most elusive particles in the universe. Their work led to a new field of research known as neutrino astronomy, which is of importance to particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.

(born June 8, 1917, Fort Collins, Colo., U.S.—died April 15, 2002, Denver, Colo.) U.S. jurist. An accomplished athlete, he played football with the Pittsburgh Pirates (now Steelers) and the Detroit Lions. He attended the University of Oxford as a Rhodes scholar before studying law at Yale. White clerked for Fred M. Vinson and later practiced corporate law in Colorado. In 1961 he was named deputy U.S. attorney general by Pres. John F. Kennedy, and the following year he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. His opinions and votes on the court were generally moderate to conservative. He retired in 1993.

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(born Nov. 24, 1864, Albi, France—died Sept. 9, 1901, Malromé) French painter and graphic artist. Born to an old aristocratic family, he developed his interest in art during lengthy convalescence after both his legs were fractured in separate accidents (1878, 1879) that left them permanently stunted and made walking difficult. In 1881 he resolved to become an artist; after taking instruction, he established a studio in the Montmartre district of Paris in 1884 and began his lifelong association with the area's cafés, cabarets, entertainers, and artists. He captured the effect of the movement of dancers, circus performers, and other entertainers by simplifying outlines and juxtaposing intense colours; the result was an art throbbing with life and energy. His lithographs were among his most powerful works, and his memorable posters helped define the possibilities of the genre. His pieces are often sharply satirical, but he was also capable of great sympathy, seen most poignantly in his studies of prostitutes (e.g., At the Salon, 1896). His extraordinary style helped set the course of avant-garde art for decades to come. A heavy drinker, he died at 36.

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French Raimond

(born July 1197, Beaucaire, France—died Sept. 27, 1249, Millau) Count of Toulouse (1222–49). He helped recover lands taken from his father, Raymond VI, and negotiated a truce (1223) with land-hungry Crusaders from northern France. For failing to suppress the heretical Cathari, he was excommunicated (1226) and subjected to a French invasion. He ceded territory to France by treaty and agreed to permit the Albigensian Crusade to continue in Languedoc (1229). Allied with Henry III of England, he rebelled unsuccessfully against Louis VIII of France (1242) and was forced to accept greater French authority over Toulouse.

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French Raimond

(born Oct. 27, 1156—died Aug. 1222, Toulouse, France) Count of Toulouse (1194–1222). He at first tolerated the heretical Cathari but later joined the Albigensian Crusade against them. Raymond fought the Crusaders to save his own dominions. Though he lost his h1 by decree of the fourth Lateran Council (1215), despite the effort of Pope Innocent III to arrange a compromise, he regained most of his lands by conquest. Twice excommunicated, he was refused Christian burial.

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(born July 23, 1888, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—died March 26, 1959, La Jolla, Calif.) U.S. writer of detective fiction. Chandler worked as an oil-company executive in California before turning to writing during the Great Depression. Early short stories were followed by screenplays, including Double Indemnity (1944), The Blue Dahlia (1946), and Strangers on a Train (1951). His character Philip Marlowe, a hard-boiled private detective working in the Los Angeles underworld, appears in all seven of his novels, including The Big Sleep (1939; film, 1946 and 1978), Farewell, My Lovely (1940; film Murder, My Sweet, 1944, and Farewell, My Lovely, 1975), and The Long Good-Bye (1953; film, 1973). Chandler and Dashiell Hammett are regarded as the classic authors of the hard-boiled genre.

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(born Feb. 21, 1903, Le Havre, France—died Oct. 25, 1976, Paris) French author. After working as a reporter, he became a reader for the prestigious Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, a scholarly edition of past and present classical authors; by 1955 he was its director. Verbal play, black humour, pessimism, and a derisive posture toward authority appear often in his more than 30 works of prose and poetry, which include the novels Zazie dans le métro (1959; film, 1960), perhaps his best-known work, and The Blue Flowers (1965).

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(born March 29, 1881, Pawtucket, R.I., U.S.—died Aug. 14, 1934, Stamford, Conn.) U.S. architect. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He and John Mead Howells (1868–1959) won first prize in the 1922 Chicago Tribune Building competition; their design would be one of their many Neo-Gothic skyscrapers influenced by Cass Gilbert's Woolworth Building. Later he turned away from the revival of past styles; his Daily News (1930; with Howells) and McGraw-Hill (1930–31; with J.A. Fouilhoux) buildings, both in New York City, have cleaner lines, foreshadowing the Rockefeller Center complex (1929–40), which Hood and Fouilhoux went on to design with a team of architects.

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English Raymond Lully

(born 1232/33, Ciutat de Majorca, Majorca—died 1315/16, Tunis or near Majorca) Spanish (Catalan) mystic, poet, and missionary. He was reared at the court of Majorca, where he wrote lyrical troubadour poetry. He later traveled widely, attempting to convert Muslims to Christianity; he is said to have been stoned to death at Bejaïa. As a philosopher, he is best known as the inventor of an “art of finding truth.” Primarily intended to support the church in its missionary work, it was also designed to unify all branches of knowledge. In his principal work, Ars magna (1305–08), he tried to depict all forms of knowledge, including theology, philosophy, and the natural sciences, as mutually analogous and manifestations of the godhead in the universe. His writings influenced Neoplatonic mysticism throughout medieval and early modern Europe. In Catalan culture, his allegorical novels Blanquerna (circa 1284) and Felix (circa 1288) enjoy wide popularity; he is also known for his treatise on chivalry, his animal fables, and an encyclopaedia of medieval thought.

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French Raimond known as Raymond of Saint-Gilles

(born 1041 or 1042, Toulouse, county of Toulouse—died Feb. 28, 1105, near Tripoli) Count of Toulouse (1093–1105) and marquis of Provence (1066–1105). The first western European ruler to join the First Crusade, he helped capture Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099) but refused the Crusaders' crown of Jerusalem. He also conquered and ruled Tripoli (1102–05).

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(born , Sept. 27, 1886, Berea, Ohio, U.S.—died Feb. 18, 1975, Phoenix, Ariz.) U.S. educator and political adviser. He taught political science at Columbia University from 1923 to 1954. In the 1920s he prepared studies of criminal justice in a number of cities for New York Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt. When Roosevelt was preparing for his 1932 presidential campaign, Moley formed the Brain Trust to advise him on national issues. Moley wrote many of Roosevelt's campaign speeches and coined the term New Deal. From 1937 to 1968 he was a contributing editor of Newsweek magazine.

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(born Oct. 5, 1902, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—died Jan. 14, 1984, San Diego, Calif.) U.S. restaurateur, a pioneer of the fast-food industry. He was working as a blender salesman when he discovered a restaurant in San Bernardino, Calif., owned by Maurice and Richard McDonald, who used an assembly-line format to prepare and sell a large volume of hamburgers, french fries, and milk shakes. Beginning in 1955 Kroc opened his first McDonald's drive-in restaurant in Des Plaines, Ill., paying the brothers a percentage of the receipts. He soon began selling franchises for new restaurants, and he instituted a training program for owner-managers that emphasized automation and standardization. At the time of his death there were some 7,500 McDonald's restaurants worldwide; with more than 25,000 restaurants in the early 21st century, McDonald's was the world's largest food-service retailer.

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(born Feb. 21, 1903, Le Havre, France—died Oct. 25, 1976, Paris) French author. After working as a reporter, he became a reader for the prestigious Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, a scholarly edition of past and present classical authors; by 1955 he was its director. Verbal play, black humour, pessimism, and a derisive posture toward authority appear often in his more than 30 works of prose and poetry, which include the novels Zazie dans le métro (1959; film, 1960), perhaps his best-known work, and The Blue Flowers (1965).

Learn more about Queneau, Raymond with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born , Sept. 27, 1886, Berea, Ohio, U.S.—died Feb. 18, 1975, Phoenix, Ariz.) U.S. educator and political adviser. He taught political science at Columbia University from 1923 to 1954. In the 1920s he prepared studies of criminal justice in a number of cities for New York Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt. When Roosevelt was preparing for his 1932 presidential campaign, Moley formed the Brain Trust to advise him on national issues. Moley wrote many of Roosevelt's campaign speeches and coined the term New Deal. From 1937 to 1968 he was a contributing editor of Newsweek magazine.

Learn more about Moley, Raymond (Charles) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born March 29, 1881, Pawtucket, R.I., U.S.—died Aug. 14, 1934, Stamford, Conn.) U.S. architect. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He and John Mead Howells (1868–1959) won first prize in the 1922 Chicago Tribune Building competition; their design would be one of their many Neo-Gothic skyscrapers influenced by Cass Gilbert's Woolworth Building. Later he turned away from the revival of past styles; his Daily News (1930; with Howells) and McGraw-Hill (1930–31; with J.A. Fouilhoux) buildings, both in New York City, have cleaner lines, foreshadowing the Rockefeller Center complex (1929–40), which Hood and Fouilhoux went on to design with a team of architects.

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(born July 14, 1895, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng.—died April 14, 1978, Cambridge) British literary critic. He attended and later taught at Cambridge University. He brought a new seriousness to criticism, believing that the critic's duty is to assess works according to the author's moral position. He cofounded Scrutiny, a journal (published 1932–53) often regarded as his greatest contribution to English letters. His books include New Bearings in English Poetry (1932) and The Great Tradition (1948), in which he reassessed the English novel.

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(born July 23, 1888, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—died March 26, 1959, La Jolla, Calif.) U.S. writer of detective fiction. Chandler worked as an oil-company executive in California before turning to writing during the Great Depression. Early short stories were followed by screenplays, including Double Indemnity (1944), The Blue Dahlia (1946), and Strangers on a Train (1951). His character Philip Marlowe, a hard-boiled private detective working in the Los Angeles underworld, appears in all seven of his novels, including The Big Sleep (1939; film, 1946 and 1978), Farewell, My Lovely (1940; film Murder, My Sweet, 1944, and Farewell, My Lovely, 1975), and The Long Good-Bye (1953; film, 1973). Chandler and Dashiell Hammett are regarded as the classic authors of the hard-boiled genre.

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(born June 8, 1917, Fort Collins, Colo., U.S.—died April 15, 2002, Denver, Colo.) U.S. jurist. An accomplished athlete, he played football with the Pittsburgh Pirates (now Steelers) and the Detroit Lions. He attended the University of Oxford as a Rhodes scholar before studying law at Yale. White clerked for Fred M. Vinson and later practiced corporate law in Colorado. In 1961 he was named deputy U.S. attorney general by Pres. John F. Kennedy, and the following year he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. His opinions and votes on the court were generally moderate to conservative. He retired in 1993.

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Raymond is a village in Montgomery County, Illinois, United States. The population was 927 at the 2000 census.

Geography

Raymond is located at (39.320834, -89.574373).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.3 square miles (3.3 km²).

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 927 people, 393 households, and 273 families residing in the village. The population density was 738.6 people per square mile (284.1/km²). There were 434 housing units at an average density of 345.8/sq mi (133.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 99.68% White, 0.11% African American and 0.22% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.22% of the population.

There were 393 households out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the village the population was spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 22.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $45,341. Males had a median income of $29,750 versus $22,721 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,231. About 6.0% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education System

Raymond is the base of the Panhandle School District (also known as Panhandle CUSD #2). The district's offices are located on Broad Street and the district's only high school, Lincolnwood Sr. High School (shares building with Lincolnwood Jr. High School), is located on the extreme east end of Prairie Street (although the town is laid out in a slightly irregular fashion, making this street NORTH Prairie Street, despite the fact that it runs East - West).

Raymond also has its own grade school, also located on Prairie Street, serving Pre-K through 6th Grade.

The communities of Farmersville, Waggoner, and Harvel are also part of the Panhandle School District.

References

External links