Patrick

Gass, Patrick, 1771-1870, American explorer, member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, b. Perry co., Pa. His journal of the trip across the continent first appeared in 1807 and was widely read. Gass later fought under Andrew Jackson against the Creeks and in the War of 1812.

Egan, Patrick, 1841-1919, Irish and American political leader, b. Co. Longford, Ireland. Fervently devoted to the cause of Irish home rule and land reform, he was a member of the Irish Land League from the year of its founding (1879) and was an able lieutenant of Michael Davitt and Charles Stewart Parnell. One of the defendants in the ineffective "state trials" of 1880-81, he later fled to the United States to escape sterner British measures, settling in Lincoln, Nebr. He continued to work strenuously for the Irish Land League and Irish home rule but also took up American politics and was a minor power in the Republican party until he deserted it for William Jennings Bryan and the Democrats in 1896. As minister to Chile (1889-93), he ably represented the United States when relations were strained during the revolt against President José Balmaceda.

Sarsfield, Patrick, earl of Lucan, d. 1693, Irish Jacobite general. A firm supporter of James II, he went with him into exile. He commanded James's forces in Ireland and had some successes, but defeat by William III in the battle of the Boyne (1690) destroyed the Jacobite hopes in Ireland. He was forced (1691) to arrange the disadvantageous treaty of Limerick, surrendering that city. Allowed to go to France, he took thousands of Irish soldiers with him into French service in the War of the Grand Alliance. He fought at Steenkerke (1692) and was mortally wounded at Neerwinden.

Manson, Patrick, 1844-1922, English parasitologist. After receiving his medical degree (1866) from the university at Aberdeen, Scotland, Manson left for China where he was to spend 24 years, studying such diseases as tinea, Calabar swelling, and blackwater fever. In 1878 he observed that filariae, the worms that cause elephantiasis in man, pass part of their life cycle in the Culex mosquito; he thus led the way in the study of the transmission of diseases caused by parasites. In 1894 he made the deduction that the parasite of malaria passes part of its life cycle in the mosquito, a theory that Ronald Ross was to verify three years later. A founder of two schools devoted to the study of tropical diseases, one at Hong Kong (1886) and the other at London (1898), Manson is often described as the father of tropical medicine.

O'Brian, Patrick, 1914-2000, British novelist, b. near London as Richard Patrick Russ. He changed his name in 1945 and after World War II settled in France. O'Brian's first novel, Caesar (1930), written when he was a teenager, was followed during the 1950s and 60s by several rather well-received novels, e.g., Testimonies (1952), and a book of short stories. In 1969 he published Master and Commander, the first novel of the celebrated Aubrey-Maturin series. Set during the Napoleonic Wars, these tales of the sea and men at war ultimately included 20 novels, ending with Blue at the Mizzen (1999). They follow the Royal Navy's Capt. Jack Aubrey and his Irish-Catalan friend Stephen Maturin, a doctor, naturalist, and spy, in their daily lives and adventures in Lord Nelson's navy. These stirring, fast-paced, witty, allusive, and psychologically insightful works are meticulous in their treatment of military matters, nautical lore, natural history, and other details. By the 1980s O'Brian was a British literary cult figure, sometimes compared to England's greatest novelists. Not published in the United States until the 1990s, his books soon achieved a huge readership there. O'Brian also wrote such nonfiction works as a study of life in the early 19th-century English navy (1974) and biographies of Picasso (1976) and Joseph Banks (1986) and was a talented translator. Two of O'Brian's novels formed the basis of a film, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003), directed by Peter Weir.

Nasmyth, Patrick: see Nasmyth, Alexander.

Patrick, Saint, c.385-461, Christian missionary, the Apostle of Ireland, b. Bannavem Taberniae (an unknown place in Britain, possibly near the Severn or in Pembroke). He was one of the most successful missionaries in history.

Early Life and His Calling

The facts of Patrick's life are largely obscured by legend. He belonged to a Christian family of Roman citizenship. Captured when barely 16 by Irish marauders and enslaved, he worked for six years as a herder on the slopes of Slemish (near Ballymena, Co. Antrim) or of Croaghpatrick or (most likely) of both. Then, in response to a voice, he escaped and embarked for Gaul.

Patrick spent some years wandering on the Continent and probably visited the Monastery of St. Martin at Marmoutier. He entered the monastery at Lérins and received the tonsure. He returned c.413 to his native Britain and lived for some years with relatives. During this time he had a vision that called him to return to Ireland to Christianize it. Accordingly, he returned to Europe (c.419) to perfect himself as a missionary. The next 12 years were spent in study at Auxerre. In 431, St. Palladius, first missionary bishop sent to Ireland, died; Patrick was consecrated (432) in his place by St. Germanus of Auxerre.

In Ireland

In the winter of 432 Patrick landed near Saul and remained until spring, when he went to Tara and gained his first major converts. He defied the pagan priests of Tara by kindling the Easter fire on Slane, a nearby hill. This challenge to paganism created at first indignation, and subsequently respect, in the court of the high king. Tara became Patrick's headquarters, and with a band of followers he successively converted Meath, Leitrim, Cavan, and W Ireland. Further details of his missions are only generally known.

In 444 or 445, with the approval of Pope St. Leo I, Patrick established his archiepiscopal see at Armagh. St. Patrick's mission was successful; Ireland was almost entirely Christian by the time of his death. He understood and wisely preserved the social structure of the country, converting the people tribe by tribe. Out of his hierarchy, organized by tribal units, developed the Celtic abbot-bishop system. At Patrick's instance, the traditional laws of Ireland were codified. Patrick modified them to harmonize with Christian practice, and he mitigated the harsher ones, particularly those that dealt with slaves and taxation of the poor. He introduced the Roman alphabet. In 457 he retired to Saul, where he died.

He was buried in Downpatrick, which was a great European shrine until its destruction by the English government in 1539. Also enshrined to him is Croaghpatrick. Patrick's connection with Saint Patrick's Purgatory in Lough Derg is undoubtedly only legendary. His personality is said to have been unusually winning, and many legends have become attached to his name. Feast: Mar. 17.

Patrick, Deval Laurdine, 1956-, African-American politician and government official, b. Chicago, grad. Harvard 1978, Harvard Law School 1982. A lawyer with the NAACP Legal Defense Fund from 1983 to 1986, he was then in private practice until 1994, when he was appointed assistant attorney general for civil rights by President Bill Clinton. Returning to private practice in 1997, he became vice president and general counsel at Texaco in 1999 and executive vice president and general counsel at The Coca-Cola Company in 2001. Leaving Coca-Cola in 2004, he began a run for the Massachusetts governorship a year later, and won the Democratic nomination and the post itself in 2006. Patrick is the first African American to be governor of state outside the old South, and only the second ever to be elected to a governorship.

Ferguson, Patrick, 1744-80, British army officer in the American Revolution. He invented an early breech-loading rifle in 1776. Ferguson fought at Brandywine and Charleston before he was assigned to organize and train Loyalist militia in South Carolina. He was defeated and killed in the battle of Kings Mt. in the Carolina campaign.

Hamilton, Patrick, 1504?-1528, Scottish Protestant martyr. While at St. Andrews, he was suspected of Lutheran sympathies. He fled (1527) to Germany, where, during his short stay, he met Luther and Melanchthon. In Germany he wrote Loci communes, known as Patrick's Places, embodying the doctrines of the Reformation. When Hamilton returned in 1527 to Scotland, he was charged with heresy, sentenced by Archbishop Beaton, and burned at the stake in 1528.

White, Patrick, 1912-90, Australian novelist, b. London. Raised in England, he returned to Australia after World War II, earning his living by farming and writing. His novels—often set in the Australian outback—usually portray the suffering of extraordinary people. His style relies heavily on description. His novels include The Happy Valley (1939), The Aunt's Story (1948), The Tree of Man (1955), Riders in the Chariot (1961), The Vivisector (1970), The Eye of the Storm (1974), The Twyborn Affair (1980), and Memoirs of Many in One by Xenophon Demirjian Gray (1986). The Cockatoos (1975) is a collection of short stories. In 1973, White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Gordon, Patrick, 1635-99, Scottish soldier of fortune and Russian general, b. Scotland. After serving alternately on both sides in the war between Sweden and Poland (1655-60), he entered the Russian army (1661) and later became the devoted friend of the youthful czar Peter I (Peter the Great). The greatest service he rendered Peter was his aid (1689) in thwarting the coup by Peter's half sister, the regent Sophia Alekseyevna, who wished to become ruler in her own right. Excerpts from Gordon's diary were published in 1859.

Henry, Patrick, 1736-99, political leader in the American Revolution, b. Hanover co., Va. Largely self-educated, he became a prominent trial lawyer. Henry bitterly denounced (1765) the Stamp Act and in the years that followed helped fan the fires of revolt in the South. As an orator he knew no equal. Several phrases attributed to him—e.g., "If this be treason, make the most of it" and "Give me liberty or give me death"—are familiar to all Americans. Henry became a leader among the so-called radicals and spoke clearly for individual liberties. He was a delegate to the house of burgesses (1765-74), the Continental Congress (1774-76), and the Virginia provincial convention (1775). His hopes for a military career in the American Revolution were frustrated, but as governor of Virginia (1776-79) he sent George Rogers Clark to the Illinois country. He was (1784-86) again governor and led the fight for the Virginia Religious Freedom Act of 1785. Although he later became a Federalist, Henry opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution, believing that it endangered state sovereignty, and he worked successfully to have the first 10 amendments (Bill of Rights) added to the Constitution.

Colquhoun, Patrick, 1745-1820, British economist and statistician, b. Scotland. Active in civic affairs in Glasgow (where he founded the chamber of commerce) and London, he became known for his Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (1795, 7th ed. 1806), written from his experience as a police magistrate. The most noted of his works is the Treatise on the Population, Wealth, and Resources of the British Empire (1814), in which he set forth statistical estimates of the distribution of national income. His figures, demonstrating the poverty of the working classes, long influenced social and economic reformers.

(born May 28, 1912, London, Eng.—died Sept. 30, 1990, Sydney, N.S.W., Austrl.) Australian writer. As a youth White moved between Australia and England, where he attended Cambridge University. After serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, he returned to Australia, which he saw as a country in a volatile process of growth and self-definition. His somewhat misanthropic novels often explore the possibilities of savagery in that context; they include The Tree of Man (1955), Voss (1957), Riders in the Chariot (1961), and The Twyborn Affair (1979). His other works include plays and short stories, the latter collected in The Burnt Ones (1964) and The Cockatoos (1974). He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1973.

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(flourished 5th century; feast day March 17) Patron saint of Ireland. Born in Britain of a Romanized family, he was captured at age 16 by Irish raiders and carried into slavery in Ireland. He spent six years as a herdsman before escaping from his master and being reunited with his family in Britain. Called in a dream to bring Christianity to the Irish, he returned to Ireland and journeyed far and wide, baptizing chiefs and kings and converting whole clans. One popular legend says that he explained the notion of the Holy Trinity using the shamrock, now the national flower of Ireland. He is also said to have rid Ireland of snakes.

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(flourished 5th century; feast day March 17) Patron saint of Ireland. Born in Britain of a Romanized family, he was captured at age 16 by Irish raiders and carried into slavery in Ireland. He spent six years as a herdsman before escaping from his master and being reunited with his family in Britain. Called in a dream to bring Christianity to the Irish, he returned to Ireland and journeyed far and wide, baptizing chiefs and kings and converting whole clans. One popular legend says that he explained the notion of the Holy Trinity using the shamrock, now the national flower of Ireland. He is also said to have rid Ireland of snakes.

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(born May 28, 1912, London, Eng.—died Sept. 30, 1990, Sydney, N.S.W., Austrl.) Australian writer. As a youth White moved between Australia and England, where he attended Cambridge University. After serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, he returned to Australia, which he saw as a country in a volatile process of growth and self-definition. His somewhat misanthropic novels often explore the possibilities of savagery in that context; they include The Tree of Man (1955), Voss (1957), Riders in the Chariot (1961), and The Twyborn Affair (1979). His other works include plays and short stories, the latter collected in The Burnt Ones (1964) and The Cockatoos (1974). He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1973.

Learn more about White, Patrick (Victor Martindale) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Nov. 18, 1897, London, Eng.—died July 13, 1974, London) British physicist. He graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1921 and spent 10 years at the Cavendish Laboratory, where he developed the Wilson cloud chamber into an instrument for the study of cosmic radiation. He was awarded a 1948 Nobel Prize for his discoveries and was made a life peer in 1969.

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(born Jan. 8, 1883, Indian Territory, U.S.—died July 30, 1963, Santa Fe, N.M.) U.S. diplomat. He began practicing law in Oklahoma in 1908. In World War I he served as a colonel in the American Expeditionary Force. Active in Republican Party politics during the 1920s, he served as U.S. secretary of war under Pres. Herbert Hoover from 1929 to 1933. When the U.S. entered World War II, he was promoted to brigadier general and sent to the Philippines to examine the possibility of relieving U.S. troops on the island of Bataan; he succeeded three times in delivering food and ammunition to the beleaguered troops there. Throughout the remainder of the war he served as the personal representative of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt. As ambassador to China (1944–45), he tried unsuccessfully to reconcile the Nationalists and the communists.

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(born May 29, 1736, Studley, Va.—died June 6, 1799, Red Hill, near Brookneal, Va., U.S.) American Revolutionary leader. Admitted to the bar in 1760, he soon built a large and profitable practice. His skill as an orator was displayed in the Parson's Cause trial (1763). Elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1765, he opposed the Stamp Act; during the next decade he became a leader of the radical opposition to British rule. He was a founding member of the Committees of Correspondence and a delegate to the Continental Congress. At a Virginia assembly in 1775 he delivered his famous speech in defense of liberty, which concluded with the words “Give me liberty or give me death.” He helped draft the state's first constitution in 1776 and was elected governor the same year (1776–79, 1784–86). As wartime governor, he ably supported Gen. George Washington; during his second term, he authorized the expedition of George Rogers Clark to invade the Illinois country. In 1788 he opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution, which he felt did not sufficiently secure the rights of states and individuals. He was later instrumental in the adoption of the Bill of Rights.

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orig. Beatrice Stella Tanner

(born Feb. 9, 1865, London, Eng.—died April 9, 1940, Pau, France) British actress. She married at age 19 and made her stage debut in 1888, winning fame as Paula in The Second Mrs. Tanqueray in 1893. She originated the role of Eliza Doolittle in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion (1914), and she and Shaw conducted a famous correspondence for many years. She also achieved great success in Maurice Maeterlinck's Pelléas and Mélisande, Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts, and Sophocles' Electra. She made her film debut in Riptide (1933) at age 68 and later appeared in several more films.

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(born March 16, 1927, Tulsa, Okla., U.S.—died March 26, 2003, Washington, D.C.) U.S. scholar and politician. He grew up in poverty in New York City. After serving in the U.S. navy in World War II, he attended Tufts University, where he earned a doctorate in 1961. From 1961 to 1965 he worked at the U.S. Labor Department, where he cowrote a controversial report that attributed the educational problems of African Americans to the instability of urban African American families. He taught at Harvard (1966–77) and held advisory posts in the administration of Richard Nixon. He was ambassador to India (1973–75) and U.S. representative to the UN (1975–76). He ran successfully for the U.S. Senate from New York in 1976; though he was a Democrat, his candidacy was opposed by many Democratic liberals. Reelected three times, he retired in 2001. In 2000 he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

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(born Feb. 16, 1959, Wiesbaden, W.Ger.) U.S. tennis player. He grew up in Douglaston, N.Y. An athletic serve-and-volley player, he won three consecutive U.S. Open singles h1s (1979–81) and a fourth in 1984. He also won the Wimbledon singles in 1981, 1983, and 1984, as well as several doubles h1s. Known for his temper tantrums and invective on court, he became the first player ejected from a grand-slam match in nearly 30 years.

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(born Sept. 6, 1888, Boston, Mass., U.S.—died Nov. 18, 1969, Hyannis Port, Mass.) U.S. businessman and financier. He graduated from Harvard University in 1912. He was a bank president by age 25 and a millionaire at age 30. He became a shipbuilder, a motion-picture tycoon, and a large contributor to the Democratic Party. During the 1920s he acquired a large fortune by speculating in the stock market; he is also alleged to have traded in bootleg liquor during Prohibition. Later, as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (1934–35), he outlawed the speculative practices, including insider trading and stock manipulation, that had made him rich. He was the first Irish American to serve as ambassador to Britain (1937–40). With his wife, Rose, he encouraged academic and athletic competitiveness in his children and expected the boys in the family—including John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Edward Kennedy—to pursue careers in public service. His role in John Kennedy's narrow victory over Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election has long been the subject of controversy.

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(born Sept. 6, 1888, Boston, Mass., U.S.—died Nov. 18, 1969, Hyannis Port, Mass.) U.S. businessman and financier. He graduated from Harvard University in 1912. He was a bank president by age 25 and a millionaire at age 30. He became a shipbuilder, a motion-picture tycoon, and a large contributor to the Democratic Party. During the 1920s he acquired a large fortune by speculating in the stock market; he is also alleged to have traded in bootleg liquor during Prohibition. Later, as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (1934–35), he outlawed the speculative practices, including insider trading and stock manipulation, that had made him rich. He was the first Irish American to serve as ambassador to Britain (1937–40). With his wife, Rose, he encouraged academic and athletic competitiveness in his children and expected the boys in the family—including John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Edward Kennedy—to pursue careers in public service. His role in John Kennedy's narrow victory over Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election has long been the subject of controversy.

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(born Feb. 16, 1959, Wiesbaden, W.Ger.) U.S. tennis player. He grew up in Douglaston, N.Y. An athletic serve-and-volley player, he won three consecutive U.S. Open singles h1s (1979–81) and a fourth in 1984. He also won the Wimbledon singles in 1981, 1983, and 1984, as well as several doubles h1s. Known for his temper tantrums and invective on court, he became the first player ejected from a grand-slam match in nearly 30 years.

Learn more about McEnroe, John (Patrick), Jr. with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Jan. 8, 1883, Indian Territory, U.S.—died July 30, 1963, Santa Fe, N.M.) U.S. diplomat. He began practicing law in Oklahoma in 1908. In World War I he served as a colonel in the American Expeditionary Force. Active in Republican Party politics during the 1920s, he served as U.S. secretary of war under Pres. Herbert Hoover from 1929 to 1933. When the U.S. entered World War II, he was promoted to brigadier general and sent to the Philippines to examine the possibility of relieving U.S. troops on the island of Bataan; he succeeded three times in delivering food and ammunition to the beleaguered troops there. Throughout the remainder of the war he served as the personal representative of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt. As ambassador to China (1944–45), he tried unsuccessfully to reconcile the Nationalists and the communists.

Learn more about Hurley, Patrick J(ay) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born May 29, 1736, Studley, Va.—died June 6, 1799, Red Hill, near Brookneal, Va., U.S.) American Revolutionary leader. Admitted to the bar in 1760, he soon built a large and profitable practice. His skill as an orator was displayed in the Parson's Cause trial (1763). Elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1765, he opposed the Stamp Act; during the next decade he became a leader of the radical opposition to British rule. He was a founding member of the Committees of Correspondence and a delegate to the Continental Congress. At a Virginia assembly in 1775 he delivered his famous speech in defense of liberty, which concluded with the words “Give me liberty or give me death.” He helped draft the state's first constitution in 1776 and was elected governor the same year (1776–79, 1784–86). As wartime governor, he ably supported Gen. George Washington; during his second term, he authorized the expedition of George Rogers Clark to invade the Illinois country. In 1788 he opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution, which he felt did not sufficiently secure the rights of states and individuals. He was later instrumental in the adoption of the Bill of Rights.

Learn more about Henry, Patrick with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born March 16, 1927, Tulsa, Okla., U.S.—died March 26, 2003, Washington, D.C.) U.S. scholar and politician. He grew up in poverty in New York City. After serving in the U.S. navy in World War II, he attended Tufts University, where he earned a doctorate in 1961. From 1961 to 1965 he worked at the U.S. Labor Department, where he cowrote a controversial report that attributed the educational problems of African Americans to the instability of urban African American families. He taught at Harvard (1966–77) and held advisory posts in the administration of Richard Nixon. He was ambassador to India (1973–75) and U.S. representative to the UN (1975–76). He ran successfully for the U.S. Senate from New York in 1976; though he was a Democrat, his candidacy was opposed by many Democratic liberals. Reelected three times, he retired in 2001. In 2000 he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Learn more about Moynihan, Daniel Patrick with a free trial on Britannica.com.

orig. Beatrice Stella Tanner

(born Feb. 9, 1865, London, Eng.—died April 9, 1940, Pau, France) British actress. She married at age 19 and made her stage debut in 1888, winning fame as Paula in The Second Mrs. Tanqueray in 1893. She originated the role of Eliza Doolittle in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion (1914), and she and Shaw conducted a famous correspondence for many years. She also achieved great success in Maurice Maeterlinck's Pelléas and Mélisande, Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts, and Sophocles' Electra. She made her film debut in Riptide (1933) at age 68 and later appeared in several more films.

Learn more about Campbell, Mrs. Patrick with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Patrick is a town in Chesterfield County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 354 at the 2000 census.

Geography

Patrick is located at (34.575450, -80.042944).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.0 square miles (2.5 km²), all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 354 people, 153 households, and 97 families residing in the town. The population density was 360.8 people per square mile (139.5/km²). There were 162 housing units at an average density of 165.1/sq mi (63.8/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 75.71% White, 23.73% African American, 0.28% Native American, and 0.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.26% of the population.

There were 153 households out of which 23.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the town the population was spread out with 23.2% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $26,563, and the median income for a family was $32,000. Males had a median income of $24,583 versus $31,429 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,487. About 15.7% of families and 18.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.1% of those under age 18 and 19.6% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Patrick has a mayor-council system in which the mayor and 4 council members are elected to 2-year terms by direct vote.

Events

There are at least two major events that take place in Patrick each year:

• Sandblast Rally, a car race sanctioned by NASA Rally Sport
• Patrick Pine Straw Festival

References

External links