codling moth

codling moth, small moth, Carpocapsa pomonella, whose larva is the destructive apple worm. Of European origin, it is now found wherever apples are grown. The adult moth is gray with brown markings and has a wingspan of about 3/4 in. (1.8 cm). The 3/4-in. larva is pinkish, with a brown head. There are several generations a year; the early eggs are deposited on leaves and the later ones directly on the developing fruit. The larvae feed inside the fruit and pupate (see insect) on the bark of the tree. Apple worms also attack pears, quinces, and English walnuts. The codling moth is classified in the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Lepidoptera, family Tortricidae.

The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is a member of the Lepidopteran family Tortricidae. They are known as an agricultural pest, their larva being the common apple worm or maggot. It is native to Europe and was introduced to North America, where it has become one of the regular pests of apple orchards. It is found almost worldwide. It also attacks pears, walnuts, and other tree fruits.

This larva is the famous "worm in the apple" of cartoon and vernacular fame; not related to the earthworm.

The codling moth is greyish with light grey and copper stripes on its wings, and has an average wingspan of 17 mm. The females lay eggs on fruit or leaves and the black-headed yellow larvae attack the fruit immediately upon hatching. Each larva burrows into the fruit, eats for around three weeks, then leaves the fruit to overwinter and pupate elsewhere. Most nourishment is obtained by feeding on the proteinacous seeds.

The Codling Moth is bivoltine in most regions of the USA - in the Pacific Northwest there is a partial third generation.

Control

Codling moth infestations are often managed with pesticides. Successful synthesis of codlemone, the codling moth female sex pheromone blend, has led to behaviorally based monitoring and management. Pheromone traps are used to capture male moths for monitoring and setting biofix, which is the time of first flight for codling moth. Biofix is used with weather data to run degree day models (see below) which predict with excellent accuracy the phenology of the population in the field, thereby allowing growers to time their management actions to target codling moth when they are most susceptible. A kairomone which is a feeding attractant can be used to capture males and females (DA lure). Mating disruption can be used to effectively manage codling moth populations in many cases. Mating disruption involves the use of a pheromone impregnated release device, typically made of plastic or rubber. Dispensers are distributed throughout the orchard and emit female pheromone at a high, relatively constant rate. The mechanism by which mating disruption affects males is poorly understood, it may increase the time required for males to find females, thus reducing fecundity, or it may simply mask the position of females to searching males, reducing mating substantially. Codling moth is not a great candidate for biological pest control, as the larvae are well protected within the fruit for the majority of development. However, codling moth eggs are susceptible to biological control by Trichogramma wasps. The wasps deposit their eggs into codling moth eggs, and the developing wasp larvae consume the moth embryo inside. Another method for control and sampling, 'trunk banding', consists of wrapping a corrugated cardboard strip around the tree trunk. Larvae making their way back to the tree to pupate after the infested fruits are aborted will use bands as pupation sites. Bands may then be removed and burned.

Recent trials of non-toxic kaolin clay-based sprays indicate that an effective alternative means of codling moth suppression may be on the horizon. Codling moth and other pests find leaves and fruit covered in kaolin clay unfit for laying eggs. Tiny particles of the clay tend to attach to their bodies, disturbing and repelling them. In addition, trees covered in kaolin clay can make them less recognizable as habitat to codling moths. Full coverage of trees is necessary in order to achieve effective suppression. If used only at the beginning of the fruit growing season, kaolin clay often comes off by itself due to wind and rain attrition, leaving fruit clean at harvest time.

The prime difficulty in dealing with codling moth infestations seems to lie with appropriate timing. The method of calculating 'degree-days' is often used by orchardists to approximate when a particular pest will reach a particular stage of development during a given season. Since stages of insect development are triggered by the accumulation of a certain amount of heat over time, this calculation involves careful tracking of changes in daily temperature. In the case of codling moth, pupating larvae emerging from bark and other overwintering spaces will migrate and burrow into apples soon after petal fall. For a given larva, this migration takes place within a mere two to three hours. Effective control using any method therefore depends crucially on identifying when decisive moments such as these occur.

External links

• Codling Moth Information Support System (CMISS)
• UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - Apple Codling Moth