In a municipal context, the title is usually used as an alternative for city manager, or county executive, particularly in cases where the position does not include powers such as the authority to appoint or dismiss department heads.
Current and aspiring chief administrative officers can achieve professional credentials through the Certified Business Manager (CBM) program established by the Association of Professionals in Business Management. In [the United Kingdom, CAOs of public companies must be chartered secretaries (Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators), lawyers, certified/chartered accountants, or others with equivalent experience.