Cham

Cham, pseud. of Amédée de Noé, 1819-79, French caricaturist and lithographer. He abandoned a military career to produce over 4,000 designs, many of them caricatures and sketches of French and Algerian life.

Historically, the ruler or monarch of a Mongol tribe. Early on a distinction was made between the h1 of khan and that of khākān, or “great khan.” Later the term khan was adopted by the Seljuq and Khwārezm-Shāh dynasties as a h1 for the highest nobility. Gradually it became an affix to the name of any Muslim property owner. Today it is often used as a surname.

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(born Oct. 17, 1817, Delhi—died March 27, 1898, Aligarh, India) Indian educator and jurist. Born into a family of officials in the Mughal dynasty, he worked for the British East India Co. and held various judicial posts. He supported the British in the 1857 Indian Mutiny but criticized their errors in his influential pamphlet Causes of the Indian Revolt. His other works include Essays on the Life of Mohammed (1870) and commentaries on the Bible and Qurhamzahān. He founded schools at Muradabad and Ghazipur, established the Scientific Society, sought to strengthen the Muslim community through the reform journal Tahdhib al-Akhlaq, and was active in founding a Muslim college, the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College, in 1877 at Aligarh.

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(born 1215—died 1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan who conquered China and established the Yuan, or Mongol, dynasty. When Kublai was in his 30s, his brother, the emperor Möngke, gave him the task of conquering and administering Song-dynasty China. Recognizing the superiority of Chinese thought, he gathered around himself Confucian advisers who convinced him of the importance of clemency toward the conquered. In subduing China and establishing himself there, he alienated other Mongol princes; his claim to the h1 of khan was also disputed. Though he could no longer control the steppe aristocracy effectively, he succeeded in reunifying China, subduing first the north and then the south by 1279. To restore China's prestige, Kublai engaged in wars on its periphery with Myanmar, Java, Japan, and the nations of eastern Southeast Asia, suffering some disastrous defeats. At home, he set up a four-tiered society, with the Mongols and other Central Asian peoples forming the top two tiers, the inhabitants of northern China ranking next, and those of southern China on the bottom. Posts of importance were allotted to foreigners, including Marco Polo. Kublai repaired the Grand Canal and public granaries and made Buddhism the state religion. Although his reign was one of great prosperity, his politics were pursued less successfully by his followers.

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or Chinggis Khan orig. Temüjin

(born 1162, near Lake Baikal, Mongolia—died Aug. 18, 1227) Mongolian warrior-ruler who consolidated nomadic tribes into a unified Mongolia and whose troops fought from China's Pacific coast to Europe's Adriatic Sea, creating the basis for one of the greatest continental empires of all time. The leader of a destitute clan, Temüjin fought various rival clans and formed a Mongol confederacy, which in 1206 acknowledged him as Genghis Khan (“Universal Ruler”). By that year the united Mongols were ready to move out beyond the steppe. He adapted his method of warfare, moving from depending solely on cavalry to using sieges, catapults, ladders, and other equipment and techniques suitable for the capture and destruction of cities. In less than 10 years he took over most of Juchen-controlled China; he then destroyed the Muslim Khwārezm-Shah dynasty while his generals raided Iran and Russia. He is infamous for slaughtering the entire populations of cities and destroying fields and irrigation systems but admired for his military brilliance and ability to learn. He died on a military campaign, and the empire was divided among his sons and grandsons.

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(born Oct. 17, 1817, Delhi—died March 27, 1898, Aligarh, India) Indian educator and jurist. Born into a family of officials in the Mughal dynasty, he worked for the British East India Co. and held various judicial posts. He supported the British in the 1857 Indian Mutiny but criticized their errors in his influential pamphlet Causes of the Indian Revolt. His other works include Essays on the Life of Mohammed (1870) and commentaries on the Bible and Qurhamzahān. He founded schools at Muradabad and Ghazipur, established the Scientific Society, sought to strengthen the Muslim community through the reform journal Tahdhib al-Akhlaq, and was active in founding a Muslim college, the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College, in 1877 at Aligarh.

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Cham may refer to:

• Cham (novel), a novel by British writer Jonathan Trigell set in Chamonix Mont Blanc
• Cham Albanians, also spelled as Çam, a people originating in northern Greece of Albanian descent
• Cham people, a people living in Vietnam and Cambodia
• Cham language, the language of the Cham people
• Cham alphabet, the script of the Cham people
• Champa, the former Cham kingdom
• Art of Champa, the art of the Cham people
• Cham Dance, a masked dance associated with some sects of Buddhism
• Khan, a former spelling of the word
• Places:
• Cham is a familiar or colloquial name for the French mountain town and extreme sports Mecca of Chamonix Mont Blanc
• Cham, Germany and Cham (district), a town and a district in Bavaria, Germany, located on the Chamb river
• Cham, Switzerland, a city in the Canton of Zug, Switzerland
• Persons:
• Jorge Cham, a comic-book artist
• Ham, son of Noah, in a variant spelling
• Amédée de Noé, a French artist whose pseudonym was "Cham"
• Cham (singer) born 1977 in Jamaica, a Reggae artist, known for the single "Ghetto Story"
• Chamillionaire
• Cham (film), 1931 film
• a fictional girl band in the anime Perfect Blue
• a type of maneuver used by traceurs more commonly in the United States
• an athletic, gymnastic maneuver in which one person leaps over the head of another person, using his hands to push off their shoulders, meanwhile launching himself into the air

See also

• Kham: one of several provinces comprising traditional Tibet