Carter

Glass, Carter, 1858-1946, American politician, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1918-20), U.S. Senator from Virginia (1920-46), b. Lynchburg, Va. He learned the printer's trade and became owner of the Lynchburg Daily News and Daily Advance. Glass became prominent in local politics, then served (1902-18) in the House of Representatives. As chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Currency, he was active in the framing of the Federal Reserve System. In 1918 he became Secretary of the Treasury under President Wilson, but in 1920 he resigned to become Senator from Virginia by appointment. Elected Senator for the balance of the term, he was reelected four times, serving until his death. He violently opposed President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's monetary and New Deal policies, but supported Roosevelt's foreign policy.

Carter, Elizabeth, 1717-1806, English poet and translator. Under the pen name Eliza she contributed for years to the Gentleman's Magazine. One of the group of 18th-century women known as the bluestockings, she was a friend of Johnson, Burke, Reynolds, and Horace Walpole. Collections of her poems appeared in 1738 and 1762. Her translations of Epictetus were published in 1758.

Carter, Elliott Cook, Jr., 1908-, American composer, b. New York City. Carter is considered by many to be the most important contemporary American composer. He studied with Walter Piston, E. B. Hill, and Gustav Holst at Harvard and with Nadia Boulanger in Paris (1932-35). Carter's complex mature music is organized into highly intellectualized contrapuntal patterns to which sympathetic listeners attribute great emotional power. He characteristically uses tempo as an element of form, notably in his technique of "metric modulation," his most famous musical innovation. Highlights from an unusually long and prolific musical career include the ballet Pocahontas (1939), a cello and piano sonata (1948), five string quartets (1951, 1958-59, 1973, 1986, 1995), Variations (1953-55) for orchestra, a piano concerto (1966), a concerto for orchestra (1969), A Mirror on Which to Dwell (1976) for soprano and nine players to poems by Elizabeth Bishop, Night Fantasies (1980) for piano, Changes (1983) for guitar, Adagio Tenebroso (1995) for orchestra, the opera What's Next? (1999), and a cello concerto (2001) composed for Yo-Yo Ma.

Carter, Hodding, 1907-72, American journalist and news publisher, b. Hammond, La. He taught briefly at Tulane Univ. and worked as a newspaperman until starting (1932) his own paper, the Hammond (La.) Daily Courier, which was distinguished by its opposition to Huey Long. In 1936 he moved to Greenville, Miss., and started another paper, which became the Delta Democrat-Times. After World War II, he wrote a series of articles on racial, religious, and economic intolerance that won him the 1946 Pulitzer Prize for editorials. Particularly cited was his plea for fairness for returning Nisei soldiers. Among his works—both fiction and nonfiction—are Mississippi (1942), Where Main Street Meets the River (1953), The Angry Scar: The Story of Reconstruction (1959), First Person Rural (1963), and Doomed Road of Empire (1971). His son, Hodding Carter 3d, 1935-, succeeded him at the Delta Democrat-Times, and was assistant secretary of state for public affairs from 1977 to 1980.

Carter, Howard, 1874-1939, English Egyptologist. He served (1891-99) with the Egyptian Exploration Fund and later helped to reorganize the antiquities administration for the Egyptian government. Carter's successful excavations (1906-22) with Lord Carnarvon in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, Egypt, include the tombs of Amenophis I, Hatshepsut, and Thutmose IV. His greatest achievement was the discovery in 1922 of the tomb of Tutankhamen. With A. C. Mace he wrote The Tomb of Tut.ankh.amen (3 vol., 1923-33; repr. 1963).

Carter, Jimmy (James Earl Carter, Jr.), 1924-, 39th President of the United States (1977-81), b. Plains, Ga, grad. Annapolis, 1946.

Carter served in the navy, where he worked with Admiral Hyman G. Rickover in developing the nuclear submarine program. Resigning his commission (1953) after his father's death, he ran his family's peanut farm, which he built into a prosperous business. In 1962 he was elected as a Democrat to the first of two terms in the Georgia Senate. He ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1966, then succeeded in 1970, replacing Lester Maddox. As governor, Carter proclaimed that the time had come to end racial discrimination and formed alliances with such civil-rights leaders as Andrew Young.

Although little known outside Georgia, Carter announced that he would run for president at the end of his gubernatorial term, and through sustained and diligent campaigning won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. With Minnesota Senator Walter F. Mondale as his running mate, Carter defeated incumbent President Gerald R. Ford. But Carter never established good relations with Congress and, with Republican successes in the 1978 midterm elections, his difficulties increased.

In foreign policy, Carter had some initial success. He secured congressional ratification—by a single vote after extended and rancorous debate—of his two Panama Canal treaties (1977), establishing a timetable for passing control of the canal to Panama. Then, in 1979, at the presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland, Carter personally persuaded Anwar al-Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel to sign the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab state (see Camp David accords).

Although he and Leonid Brezhnev signed the Salt II treaty (see disarmament, nuclear), it had uncertain chances for Senate ratification, and Carter shelved the treaty in Jan., 1980, as a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (see Afghanistan War). When the USSR refused to withdraw, Carter also initiated a trade embargo and a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympic Games. In the last year of his administration, Carter's foreign policy was overshadowed by the Iran hostage crisis, in which Iranian students invaded the U.S. embassy in Tehran, taking 55 hostages. When attempts to negotiate their release failed, Carter authorized a military rescue mission in Apr., 1980, that failed ignominiously.

Domestically, Carter had difficulties controlling inflation, which rose in each year of his administration—in part because of oil price increases after the Iranian revolution. The Federal Reserve Board's drastic remedies for curtailing inflation led to interest rates of more than 20% by 1980. Inflation and the unresolved hostage crisis put Carter in a weak position as the 1980 presidential election campaign began. He won the Democratic nomination only after a bitter challenge from Sen. Edward Kennedy. In the general election he was decisively defeated by Ronald Reagan.

Since leaving office, Carter has been active in international human-rights efforts, often as an impartial observer of first-time free elections. He has served as an international mediator in North Korea, Haiti, Bosnia, Venezuela, and elsewhere, and has worked to focus world attention on epidemics in Africa. He made a highly publicized trip to Cuba in May, 2002, becoming the most prominent American to visit the nation since Castro came to power. The Carter Center in Atlanta, founded in 1986, became an important arena for the discussion of international affairs. Carter also has been deeply involved with Habitat for Humanity, a nonprofit organization that helps working-class people in North America and abroad build and finance new homes. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his efforts to advance peace, democracy, human rights, and economic and social development.

Jimmy Carter married Rosalynn Smith in 1946; they have four children. During his term of office Carter published Why Not the Best? (1975) and A Government as Good as Its People (1977). After it, he wrote more than a dozen works of poetry and nonfiction, including The Blood of Abraham (1985); Everything to Gain (1987, written with his wife); Turning Point (1992); The Hornet's Nest (2003), a novel set in the South during the Revolutionary War; and Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006), which some critics accused of one-sided, anti-Israeli views.

Carter, Mrs. Leslie, 1862-1937, American actress, b. Lexington, Ky., whose maiden name was Caroline Louise Dudley. She became a protégée of Belasco and first appeared in 1890 in The Ugly Duckling. His Heart of Maryland (1895) brought her recognition, and her success continued in his productions of Zaza (1899), Du Barry (1901), and Adrea (1905). Their association ended with her second marriage in 1906, after which her stage popularity diminished.

Carter, Nick, fictional detective character in dime novels said to have been created by J. R. Coryell in the 1880s. The firm of Street & Smith, New York City, published over 1,000 stories about Nick Carter, written variously by F. V. R. Dey, E. T. Sawyer, G. C. Jenks, and others. The name Nicholas Carter was used as a pseudonym by many authors of dime novels.

Carter, Samuel Powhatan, 1819-91, American naval officer and Union general in the Civil War, b. Elizabethton, Tenn., grad. Annapolis, 1846. In the Civil War he was transferred from the navy to the War Dept., sent to organize Union troops in East Tennessee, made brigadier general of volunteers (May, 1862), and given command of a cavalry division in the Army of the Ohio. Discharged from service as brevet major general (1866), he returned to the navy. In 1882 he was made a rear admiral on the retired list. Carter is said to have been the only American who was both a major general and a rear admiral.

Braxton, Carter, 1736-97, political leader in the American Revolution, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. King and Queen co., Va. He lived (1757-60) in England, returned to America, and served in the house of burgesses (1761-71, 1775) and in the Continental Congress (1775-76, 1777-83, 1785).

(born Dec. 19, 1875, New Canton, Va., U.S.—died April 3, 1950, Washington, D.C.) U.S. historian. Born into a poor family, he supported himself as a coal miner and was unable to enroll in high school until he was 20. He went on to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. In 1915 he founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History to encourage the study of African American history; he also edited the association's Journal of Negro History. In the early 1920s he founded Associated Publishers to bring out books on African American life and culture. Among his works was the college text The Negro in Our History (1922).

Learn more about Woodson, Carter G(odwin) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

orig. James Earl Carter

(born Oct. 1, 1924, Plains, Ga., U.S.) 39th president of the U.S. (1977–81). He graduated from Annapolis and served in the U.S. Navy until 1953, when he left to manage the family peanut business. He served in the state senate from 1962 to 1966. He ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1966; depressed by this experience, he found solace in evangelical Christianity, becoming a born-again Baptist. In 1970 he ran again and won. As governor (1971–75), he opened Georgia's government offices to African Americans and women and introduced stricter budgeting procedures for state agencies. In 1976, though lacking a national political base or major backing, he won the Democratic nomination and the presidency, defeating the Republican incumbent, Gerald Ford. As president, Carter helped negotiate a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, signed a treaty with Panama to make the Panama Canal a neutral zone after 1999, and established full diplomatic relations with China. In 1979–80 the Iran hostage crisis became a major political liability. He responded forcefully to the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, embargoing the shipment of U.S. grain to the Soviet Union and pressing for a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The poor state of the economy, which was plagued by high inflation and high unemployment, contributed to Carter's electoral defeat by Ronald Reagan in 1980. He subsequently became involved in numerous international diplomatic negotiations and helped to oversee elections in countries with insecure democratic traditions; he also became the first sitting or former American president to visit Fidel Castro's Cuba. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2002.

Learn more about Carter, Jimmy with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Jan. 4, 1858, Lynchburg, Va., U.S.—died May 28, 1946, Washington, D.C.) U.S. politician. Largely self-educated, he pursued a successful career in journalism, eventually becoming proprietor of two Lynchburg newspapers. In the U.S. House of Representatives (1902–18), he sponsored legislation that established the Federal Reserve System. As secretary of the treasury (1918–20) he supported efforts by Pres. Woodrow Wilson to bring the U.S. into the League of Nations. Appointed, then elected, to the U.S. Senate (1920–46), he became a leader of the conservative Southern Democratic bloc. An expert on monetary policy, he coauthored legislation that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) in 1933. Though he supported Franklin Roosevelt for president in 1932, he soon became one of his sharpest critics.

Learn more about Glass, Carter with a free trial on Britannica.com.

orig. James Earl Carter

(born Oct. 1, 1924, Plains, Ga., U.S.) 39th president of the U.S. (1977–81). He graduated from Annapolis and served in the U.S. Navy until 1953, when he left to manage the family peanut business. He served in the state senate from 1962 to 1966. He ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1966; depressed by this experience, he found solace in evangelical Christianity, becoming a born-again Baptist. In 1970 he ran again and won. As governor (1971–75), he opened Georgia's government offices to African Americans and women and introduced stricter budgeting procedures for state agencies. In 1976, though lacking a national political base or major backing, he won the Democratic nomination and the presidency, defeating the Republican incumbent, Gerald Ford. As president, Carter helped negotiate a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, signed a treaty with Panama to make the Panama Canal a neutral zone after 1999, and established full diplomatic relations with China. In 1979–80 the Iran hostage crisis became a major political liability. He responded forcefully to the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, embargoing the shipment of U.S. grain to the Soviet Union and pressing for a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The poor state of the economy, which was plagued by high inflation and high unemployment, contributed to Carter's electoral defeat by Ronald Reagan in 1980. He subsequently became involved in numerous international diplomatic negotiations and helped to oversee elections in countries with insecure democratic traditions; he also became the first sitting or former American president to visit Fidel Castro's Cuba. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2002.

Learn more about Carter, Jimmy with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Dec. 19, 1875, New Canton, Va., U.S.—died April 3, 1950, Washington, D.C.) U.S. historian. Born into a poor family, he supported himself as a coal miner and was unable to enroll in high school until he was 20. He went on to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. In 1915 he founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History to encourage the study of African American history; he also edited the association's Journal of Negro History. In the early 1920s he founded Associated Publishers to bring out books on African American life and culture. Among his works was the college text The Negro in Our History (1922).

Learn more about Woodson, Carter G(odwin) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Jan. 4, 1858, Lynchburg, Va., U.S.—died May 28, 1946, Washington, D.C.) U.S. politician. Largely self-educated, he pursued a successful career in journalism, eventually becoming proprietor of two Lynchburg newspapers. In the U.S. House of Representatives (1902–18), he sponsored legislation that established the Federal Reserve System. As secretary of the treasury (1918–20) he supported efforts by Pres. Woodrow Wilson to bring the U.S. into the League of Nations. Appointed, then elected, to the U.S. Senate (1920–46), he became a leader of the conservative Southern Democratic bloc. An expert on monetary policy, he coauthored legislation that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) in 1933. Though he supported Franklin Roosevelt for president in 1932, he soon became one of his sharpest critics.

Learn more about Glass, Carter with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Carter is a census-designated place (CDP) in Chouteau County, Montana, United States. The population was 62 at the 2000 census.

Geography

Carter is located at (47.781252, -110.955800).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.9 square miles (7.5 km²), all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 62 people, 31 households, and 19 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 21.3 people per square mile (8.2/km²). There were 34 housing units at an average density of 11.7/sq mi (4.5/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 100.00% White.

There were 31 households out of which 12.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.7% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.42.

In the CDP the population was spread out with 12.9% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 30.6% from 45 to 64, and 24.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $24,583, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $16,250 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,397. There were 9.5% of families and 13.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 33.3% of under eighteens and 12.0% of those over 64.

References

External links