budding

budding, type of grafting in which a plant bud is inserted under the bark of the stock (usually not more than a year old). It is best done when the bark will peel easily and the buds are mature, as in spring, late summer, or early autumn. Budding is a standard means of propagating roses and most fruit trees in nurseries. See propagation of plants.

Budding (also called burgeoning) is the formation of a new organism by the protrusion of part of another organism. This is very common in plants and fungi, but may be found in some animals as well, such as the Hydra. Usually, the protrusion stays attached to the primary organism for a while, before becoming free. The new organism is naturally genetically identical to the primary one (a clone). When yeast buds, one cell becomes two cells. When a sponge buds, a part of the parent sponge falls off and starts to grow into a new sponge. These are examples of asexual reproduction.

In virology

Budding is the process by which enveloped viruses acquire their external envelope, often as fragment of the host cell membrane, which bulges outwards and takes the virion inside. Because viruses are not alive, the Gag protein is essential for this process. Some viruses hijack the host cell proteins normally involved in endocytosis to facilitate this process.

This method helps the virus leave the cell without lysing the cell, thereby allowing the cellular machinery to produce more viruses.

In embryology

The term budding is also applied to the process of embryo differentiation in which old structures are formed in outgrowth from preexisting parts.

In horticulture

Budding is a process that consist of engrafting the bud of a plant into another plant, see Shield budding.

External links

• T or Shield Budding