Brethren, German Baptist religious group. They were popularly known as Dunkards, Dunkers, or Tunkers, from the German for "to dip," referring to their method of baptizing. The Brethren evolved from the Pietist movement in Germany. The first congregation was organized there in 1708 by Alexander Mack. Persecution drove them to America where, under Peter Becker, they settled (1719) in Germantown, Pa. From that and other settlements in Pennsylvania they spread westward and into Canada. The Brethren oppose war and advocate temperance, the simple life, plain dress, and "obedience to Christ rather than obedience to creeds and cults." The original group, at present the largest in the United States, is the Church of the Brethren (Conservative Dunkers); the local churches are united by an annual conference that elects a general board to supervise the national church program. From the Church of the Brethren there have been separations into the Seventh-Day Baptists, German Baptists (1728; see Beissel, Johann Conrad); Church of God (New Dunkards, 1848); Old German Baptist Brethren (1881); and the Brethren Church (Progressive Dunkers, 1882). The Brethren baptize by trine immersion, the candidate being immersed once for each member of the Trinity. They practice foot washing and the love feast.

See also River Brethren (for Brethren in Christ, River Brethren, and Yorker Brethren); Christadelphians (for Brethren of Christ); Hutterian Brethren; Moravian Church.

Member of the Hutterite Brethren, an Anabaptist sect that takes its name from its Austrian founder, Jakob Hutter, who was burned as a heretic in 1536. His followers modeled themselves on the early church in Jerusalem by holding their goods in common. Persecuted in Moravia and the Tirol, they moved eastward to Hungary and the Ukraine. In the 1870s many emigrated to the U.S. and settled in South Dakota. The society still exists in the western U.S. and Canada, where it has colonies of 60–150 members, who operate collective farms. Hutterites are pacifists who take no part in politics and remain separate from outside society.

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The Brethren are a number of Protestant Christian religious bodies using the word "brethren" in their names. In some cases these similarities of name reflect roots in the same early Brethren groups, and in others the adoption of "Brethren" as part of the name reflects an independent choice to evoke the concept of religious brotherhood (especially fraternal religious or military orders). The church has 40,000-44,000 members.

Schwarzenau Brethren groups

The Schwarzenau Brethren groups originated in 1708 in Schwarzenau, Germany, in the Palatinate. Early leaders included Alexander Mack, Peter Becker, and John Nass. The Brethren were at one time called Dunkers or German Baptist Brethren.

After enduring persecution for a time (see Anabaptist), the Brethren migrated to North America in three separate groups from 1719 to 1733. There they established themselves at Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and from there moved south and west along with other pioneers.

The Brethren Church shares its early unstable heritage with the Church of the Brethren but was separated in 1883, being the most progressive of the three groups resulting from this split at the time of H. R. Holsinger. The most conservative of the groups (the Old Order, centered in Dayton, OH) is now known as the German Baptist church. The current Church of the Brethren was the middle (or conservative) group. This split was not really about doctrine (at the time, though the groups have drifted apart since) but over such things as the starting of Sunday Schools, the holding of revival meetings, and the use of an indoor baptistry rather than running water in a creek or river. The progressive group (Brethren Church) includes a denomination with headquarters in Ashland, Ohio. In 1939 the Progressives split into two denominations, with those seeking an open position to the issue of eternal security maintaining the name Brethren Church, and those seeking a firm affirmation of eternal security becoming the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches (FGBC), commonly called the Grace Brethren Church, headquartered in Winona Lake, Indiana. The Grace Brethren experienced a split in the 1990s (primarily related to the connection between water baptism and church membership), with a minority of churches forming the Conservative Grace Brethren Churches, International (CGBCI). In 2007, families from both the FGBC and CGBCI formed a new fellowship calling themselves the Brethren Reformed Church.

Other Brethren groups

The following Brethren bodies are not related historically to the Schwarzenau groups descended from Alexander Mack.

• Anabaptist and/or Pietist
• The Church of the United Brethren in Christ and the Brethren in Christ Church (or River Brethren) owe their origins to the combined labors of Reformed pastor Philip William Otterbein and Mennonite Martin Boehm, beginning in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in the latter half of the 18th century.
• The Hutterites, officially known as Hutterian Brethren, are descendants of German, Swiss and Tyrolean Anabaptists led by Jacob Hutter, who was burned at the stake in 1536 for refusing to renounce his faith.
• The Mennonite Brethren originated among Russian Mennonites in 1860. The Swiss Brethren—Anabaptists of Switzerland—became known as Mennonite after the Amish division of 1693.
• The Moravian Brethren (also known as United Brethren or Unitas Fratrum and Bohemian Brethren) descend from the followers of Jan Hus, a Czech reformer burned at the stake in 1415 and mainly Bohemian 15th century nobleman and theologian Peter Chelcicky. Important leaders were also Jan Blahoslav and Jan Amos Comenius.
• The Unity of the Brethren also traces its roots to the work of Hus.
• Fundamental Bible Churches
• The various Plymouth Brethren bodies (including Open Brethren and Exclusive Brethren) originated in the 1820s work of John Nelson Darby and others in Ireland and England.
• The Social Brethren originated in Saline County, Illinois in 1867, the result of an attempt to put the slavery issue away in favor of uniting on a common belief in the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
• Other:
• The Polish Brethren, also known as Socinians, were an Antitrinitarian group, forerunners for the Unitarians.
• The Church of the Lutheran Brethren is neither Anabaptist nor pietistic, but is the result of a late 19th century spiritual awakening among Lutheran congregations in the upper midwestern United States. They formed a separate synod in 1900.
• The United Seventh-Day Brethren is an Adventist body.
• The Brethren of the Common Life a Middle-Age group.

See also

• Peace church
• Simple living

External links

• BrethrenPedia :: The Plymouth Brethren Wiki Documenting the history of the Plymouth Brethren one assembly at a time
• Plymouth Brethren Discussion Forum The Only Plymouth Brethren discussion forum on the web
• Comprehensive Brethren Website
• an exclusive brethren veture with a lot of tools
• BrethrenPortal - Plymouth Brethren Missions Portal - Essentials Of Faith For The Generations To Come
• Brethren India Forums
• Kerala Brethren Website

References

• Brethren Encyclopedia, Vol. I-III, Donald F. Durnbaugh, editor
• Brethren Encyclopedia, Vol. IV, Donald F. Durnbaugh and Dale V. Ulrich, editors, Carl Bowman, contributing editor
• Gathering Unto His Name, by Norman Crawford (on Plymouth Brethren)
• Encyclopedia of American Religions, J. Gordon Melton, editor
• Handbook of Denominations in the United States, by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood
• Mennonite Encyclopedia, Cornelius J. Dyck, Dennis D. Martin, et al., editors
• Profiles in Belief: the Religious Bodies in the United States and Canada, by Arthur Carl Piepkorn
• Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000), Glenmary Research Center