bar

bar, offshore: see beach.

Bar, Confederation of, union formed in 1768 at Bar, in Podolia (now in W Ukraine), by a number of Polish nobles to oppose the interference of Catherine II of Russia in Polish affairs. Headed by the Pulaski family and supported by the Roman Catholic clergy, it sought to defend Polish independence, the Polish constitution, the rights of the landed gentry, and Roman Catholicism. Further, it endeavored to impose Roman Catholicism, as opposed to Orthodox Eastern beliefs, on the serfs of right-bank Ukraine (W of the Dnieper), which was then under Polish rule. Working against the confederation's policies was the Polish king, Stanislaus II, whose election (1764) had been sponsored by Catherine and who at her request had conceded to non-Catholics the rights of freedom of worship and participation in the Polish government. Incensed by the confederation's hostile intentions toward them, the right-bank Ukrainians rose up (1768) in the rebellion of the Koliyivshchyna (see Ukraine). Catherine sent Russian forces to suppress the rebellion, however, in the fear that it might spread among serfs under her control. In 1770 the confederation declared King Stanislaus deposed. Supported to a minor degree by France and more effectively by the Ottoman Empire, which declared war on Catherine, the confederation fought a bitter war against Russia until 1772, when its effective resistance was ended by the first partition of Poland (see Poland, partitions of).

bar, the, originally, the rail that enclosed the judge in a court; hence, a court or a system of courts. The persons qualified and authorized to conduct the trial of cases are also known collectively as "the bar." From late medieval times in England the Inns of Court acted as training schools for men who were to plead causes in the courts, and when a student was judged to be trained in competence, he was "called to the bar" of the Inn; automatically he was then judged competent to plead at the bar of the courts. Modern bar associations, through which the legal profession regulates itself, derive from the Inns of Court. Attorneys must be admitted to the bar before they can practice law in the United States. The requirements for admission vary among the states, but generally an applicant must be of good moral character, have completed a stated course of study at a law school, and have passed a bar examination. The last two requirements were once satisfied by clerking and "reading law" with a practicing attorney. A lawyer can be prohibited from practicing law (disbarred) for conduct impeding justice, criminal acts involving moral turpitude, or unethical professional conduct. The first state to allow women admission to the bar was Iowa (1869), and Great Britain admitted women to law practice in 1919. There are 180 American Bar Association-approved law schools in the United States, the oldest being Harvard Law School, founded in 1817.

Rod or bar that resists twisting (see torque) and has a strong tendency to return to its original position when twisted. In an automobile, a torsion bar is a long spring-steel element with one end held rigidly to the frame and the other end twisted by a lever connected to the axle. It thus provides a spring action for the vehicle.

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Event in men's gymnastics competition in which a steel bar fixed about 8 ft (2.4 m) above the floor is used for swinging exercises. Competitors generally wear hand protectors and perform routines that last 15–30 seconds. Exercises include the giant swing and various vaults (such as the straddle vault). It has been an Olympic event since the first modern Olympic Games in 1896.

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Printed series of parallel bars of varying width used for entering data into a computer system, typically for identifying the object on which the code appears. The width and spacing of the bars represent binary information that can be read by an optical (laser) scanner that is part of a computer system. The coding is used in many different areas of manufacturing and marketing, including inventory control and tracking systems. The bar codes printed on supermarket and other retail merchandise are those of the Universal Product Code (UPC).

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Group of lawyers organized primarily to deal with issues affecting the legal profession. In general, they are concerned with furthering the interests of lawyers through advocating reforms in the legal system, sponsoring research projects, and regulating professional standards. Bar associations sometimes administer the examinations required for admission to practice law. The largest U.S. bar association is the American Bar Assn.

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Jewish ritual celebrating a boy's 13th birthday and his entry into the community of Judaism. It usually takes place during a Sabbath service, when the boy reads from the Torah and may give a discourse on the text. The service is often followed by a festive Kiddush and a family dinner on the same day or next day. Reform Judaism substituted confirmation of boys and girls for the Bar Mitzvah celebration after 1810, but many congregations restored the Bar Mitzvah in the 20th century. A separate ceremony for girls, Bat Mitzvah, has been instituted in Reform and Conservative Judaism.

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Voluntary association (founded 1878) of U.S. lawyers, judges, and other legal professionals. The largest bar association in the U.S., it seeks to improve the legal profession, ensure the availability of legal services to all citizens, and improve the administration of justice. It conducts educational and research projects, sponsors professional meetings, and publishes a monthly journal. At the beginning of the 21st century its membership exceeded 400,000.

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Bar may refer to:

• A rod/stick, pole, or handrail made of structural steel
• Grab bar
• Rebar
• an ingot or gold bar
• Bar (diacritic), a line through a letter used as a diacritic
• Bar (establishment), a retail establishment which serves alcoholic beverages
• Bar (counter), the counter from which drinks are dispensed

Maths and science

• Bar (unit), a scientific unit of pressure
• A vinculum over a digit or digits in mathematics used to indicate a repeating decimal
• Gravel bar, a hydrologically sediment accumulation
• Bar chart (or graph), a chart with rectangular bars of lengths used for comparing two or more values.
• Bar (astronomy), a formation of stars found in approximately half of all spiral galaxies
• Bar (computer science), a metasyntactic variable used in computer science

Law

• Bar examination
• Bar association
• Personal bar, a Scots practice term for estoppel.

Other

• Bar (landform) (commonly called a "shoal"), a type of beach behind which lies a lagoon or underwater bank at mouth of Estuary.
• Bar (music), a period of music
• A name of scandanavian origin referring to gates/gatehouses of in towns of northen england such as the gatehouses in the city walls of York, England and North Bar in Beverley.
• Medal bar, an addition to a military decoration earned by a subsequent act
• Candy bar
• Handlebar, steering mechanism for bicycles and motorcycles
• Vertical bar symbol, |
• Bar (of Xanax)
• Barbell for weightlifting.
• Bar, Hebrew for "son", as in Bar mitzvah
• A preposition meaning "except"

Places

• Bar, Montenegro, a city in the southeastern region
• Bar, Ukraine, a fortress and city in the Podolia region of Ukraine that was once a part of Poland
• Barrois (Bar), the territory of the counts and dukes of Bar in France
• Bar River, a tributary to the Meuse River in France
• Bar, Tibet, a village in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China
• Bár, a village in Hungary
• Barbizon, an artist's village in France
• Wairau Bar, New Zealand

Communes of France

• Bar, Corrèze, in the Corrèze département
• Bar-le-Duc, in the Meuse département
• Bar-sur-Aube, in the Aube département
• Bar-sur-Seine, in the Aube département

People

• Bar (Aramaic), a common prefix in New Testament Aramaic names
• Bar Hebraeus, a Syriac Orthodox Church Father
• Bar Refaeli, Israeli model
• Ellen Bar, New York City Ballet soloist
• Yael Bar Zohar, Israeli actress
• Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Israeli-American physicist
• David Bar-Tov, Israeli judge
• Michael Bar-Zohar, Israeli historian
• Micha Bar-Am, Israeli photographer

Acronyms

• Board for Anthropological Research
• Biblical Archaeology Review
• BAR domain (Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs), a protein domain
• Bit Aspect Ratio, a length (BPI)-to-width (TPI) ratio of a magnetic bit
• British American Racing, a Formula One racing team which was active between 1999 to 2005
• British Association of Removers
• M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, a U.S. WWI and WWII military weapon
• Buy-American restrictions, a reference to the Buy American Act
• Base Address Register, a type of pointer register used in Memory-mapped I/O and Port-mapped I/O
• Beta Adrenergic Receptor

Codemarks

• Bangor and Aroostook railroad, AAR reporting mark "BAR"
• Barbados, International Olympic Committee country code "BAR"
• Harvey House Railroad Depot, in Barstow, California; station code BAR

References

See also

• Bär
• Barr
• Barr-
• Barre
• Barbiturate
• Crossbar