distilled liquor

Alcoholic beverage obtained by distillation from wine or other fermented fruit juice or from various cereal grains that have first been brewed. The essential ingredient is usually a natural sugar or a starchy substance that may be easily converted into a sugar. The distillation process is based on the different boiling points of water (212 °F [100 °C]) and alcohol (173 °F [78.5 °C]). The alcohol vapours that arise while the fermented liquid boils are trapped and recondensed to create a liquid of much greater alcoholic strength. The resultant distillate is matured, often for several years, before it is packaged and sold. Seealso aquavit; brandy; gin; liqueur; rum; vodka; and whiskey.

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Inorganic compound, colourless, fuming, highly corrosive liquid, chemical formula HNO₃. A common laboratory reagent, it is important in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives (including nitroglycerin), as well as in organic syntheses, metallurgy, ore flotation, and reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. A strong acid, it is toxic and can cause severe burns. It attacks most metals and is used for etching steel and photoengraving.

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Aqualung was the original name for the first open-circuit scuba diving equipment, developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau in 1943. It consists of a high pressure diving cylinder and a diving regulator that supplies the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure, via a demand valve. Before that, there were a few attempts at constant-flow compressed-air breathing sets.

Trademark issues

Aqualung and Aqua Lung are registered trademarks for SCUBA-diving breathing equipment. That trade name is owned in the United States by the firm Aqua-Lung, formerly known as U.S. Divers.

The French firm Air Liquide held the patent on the original "Aqualung" until the patent expired some time around 1960-63. The term "aqualung" as far as is known first appeared in print on page 3 of Jacques-Yves Cousteau's first book, The Silent World (1953). Public interest in scuba diving began around 1953, in response to a National Geographical Society Magazine article in English-speaking counties, and in France a movie, and perhaps The Silent World. Like with some other registered trademarks, the term "aqualung" became a genericized trademark in English-speaking countries. Presumably lawyers for Cousteau or Air Liquide could have slowed or stopped this genericization by taking prompt action, but this seems not to have been done in Britain, where Siebe Gorman had the British rights to the trade name and the patent.

In the United States the term Aqualung was popularized by the popular television series Sea Hunt, which never said that an aqualung could be called anything else or could be made by anyone else but the company that supplied the fearless Mike Nelson. The word "aqualung" was commonly used in speech and in publications (including the British Sub-Aqua Club's official diving manual) as a term for divers' open-circuit demand-valve-controlled breathing apparatus (even after Air Liquide's patent expired and other manufacturers started making identical equipment), and occasionally also for rebreathers, and in figurative uses such as "the water spider's aqualung of air bubbles". The word got into the Russian language as the generic noun акваланг ("akvalang"). In the United States, U.S. Divers managed to keep "Aqualung" as a trademark, and the acronym "SCUBA" ("Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus", originating in the United States Navy, where it meant a frogman's rebreather) became the generic term for that type of open-circuit breathing set, and soon the acronym SCUBA became a noun — "scuba" — all in lower-case. "Scuba" was a trademark for a time, used by Healthways, now known as Scubapro, one of U.S. Divers' competitors.

Presumably, anyone who uses "aqualung" generically now can expect a polite but firm "cease and desist" letter from a law firm representing U.S. Divers.

Open/closed circuit

The original "Aqua-Lung" was an "open-circuit" design, so called because gas flows from the cylinder, to the diver, out into the water. Other scuba gear, invented earlier than the "Aqua-Lung", are now termed "closed circuit" or "rebreather", as gas flows from the cylinder, to the diver, through a scrubber (which removes carbon dioxide), back to a secondary bag, and back to the diver again, in a relatively closed loop; this design is commonly called a rebreather and its old pure-oxygen form is regarded as archaic and risky.

"Tadpoles"

In the early years of scuba diving in Britain, "tadpole" as a nickname for a type of diving gear had two meanings:

• A type of ex-RAF pilot's oxygen cylinder with a tapering end, which was often used as an aqualung cylinder in the 1960's and earlier.
• An early make of Siebe Gorman aqualung with a twin-hose regulator and two air cylinders, with both ends hemispherical, 13 inches long and 7 inches in diameter. Siebe Gorman's trade catalog describing this set showed two sorts of diver wearing this set, both with weighted boots, and no mention of free-swimming. A 1950's Royal Navy diving manual also said that the aqualung was (only) for bottom-walking diving. Siebe Gorman had no idea then of sport diving, or was against sport diving, but expected aqualungs to be used for light commercial diving. Later, as is well known, most commercial and naval divers were free-swimming scuba divers; bottom-walkers became a tiny minority.

See also

• Timeline of underwater technology#The diving regulator reappears for details of this development.
• Scuba sets for description of modern breathing sets.

References

External links

• Aqua Lung manufacturers site (English, French, German, Italian, Czech, and Japanese language versions available)
• Aqua Lung (Also known as Mistral Regulator)
• Two Jacques Cousteau Aqua Lungs are shown in this 1950's video recorded on the island of [[Maui].]