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Knox, Philander Chase

Knox, Philander Chase, 1853-1921, U.S. cabinet member, b. Brownsville, Pa. He built up a fortune as a corporation lawyer in Pittsburgh. He was Attorney General (1901-4) in the cabinets of Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. He was prominently identified with trust prosecutions, but failed to dissolve any significant organizations, except that of the Northern Securities Company, a railroad holding corporation. He served as U.S. Senator by appointment (1904-5) and was elected for the succeeding full term, but resigned in 1909 to become Secretary of State under President Taft. Continuing the policies of his predecessors, John Hay and Elihu Root, Knox sought to protect financial interests abroad, particularly in Latin America and China—a policy that became known as "dollar diplomacy." Knox returned to the Senate in 1917 and allied himself with those who fought ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and participation in the League of Nations.

See S. F. Bemis, ed., The American Secretaries of State, Vol. IX (1929, repr. 1963).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press

Claxton, Philander Priestly

Claxton, Philander Priestly, 1862-1957, American educator, b. Bedford co., Tenn., grad. Univ. of Tennessee (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1887) and studied at Johns Hopkins Univ. and in Germany. After several years' experience as a superintendent of schools in North Carolina, he taught at the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College (1893-1902) and later was professor of education at the Univ. of Tennessee (1902-11). He served (1911-21) as U.S. commissioner of education, his administration being distinguished by marked expansion of the activities of the Bureau of Education. Claxton was afterward provost (1921-23) of the Univ. of Alabama and superintendent of schools (1923-29), Tulsa, Okla., and from 1930 was president of the Austin Peay Normal School in Clarksville, Tenn.

See biography by C. L. Lewis (1948).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press

Chase, Philander

Chase, Philander, 1775-1852, American Episcopal bishop, b. Cornish, N.H. After experience as a missionary in the West, he was elected (1818) first bishop of Ohio, where he founded Kenyon College in 1824 with funds that he secured largely in England. In 1835, Chase became bishop of Illinois; from 1843 he was presiding bishop of the church.

See his Reminiscences (2 vol., 2d ed. 1848).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press

Knox, Philander Chase

(born May 6, 1853, Brownsville, Pa., U.S.—died Oct. 12, 1921, Washington, D.C.) U.S. lawyer and politician. After admission to the bar in 1875 he became a successful corporation lawyer in Pittsburgh. As legal counsel for the Carnegie Steel Company, he helped organize the United States Steel Corp. (1900–01). Appointed attorney general by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt in 1901, he initiated several suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act. He served in the U.S. Senate from 1904 to 1909. As secretary of state (1909–13) under Pres. William H. Taft, he helped develop the foreign policy of expanded U.S. investment later criticized as Dollar Diplomacy. During his second term in the Senate (1917–21), he opposed the formation of the League of Nations.

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Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.