Paris green, also called Schweinfurt green, an extremely poisonous, bright green powder that was formerly used extensively as a pigment (e.g., in wallpaper) and that is sometimes used as an insecticide or to kill plant fungi; it must be used with great caution because of its poisonous nature. Chemically it is a copper acetoarsenite that may be prepared from arsenic trioxide and copper acetate.
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Morton, William Thomas Green, 1819-68, American dentist and physician, b. Charlton, Mass., studied at Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. He practiced dentistry in Boston, for a time with Horace Wells, whose unsuccessful demonstration of nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, he sponsored in 1845. C. T. Jackson interested him in ether anesthesia, and in 1846 Morton demonstrated its use during an operation at Massachusetts General Hospital. The prior work of C. W. Long in ether anesthesia had not then been made public. Morton's subsequent claim to the discovery of the anesthetic effects of ether was bitterly disputed.
See G. S. Woodward, The Man Who Conquered Pain (1962); B. MacQuitty, Victory over Pain (1971).
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Ingersoll, Robert Green, 1833-99, American orator and lawyer, b. Dresden, N.Y. The son of a Congregational minister who settled eventually in Illinois, Ingersoll was admitted (1854) to the bar and became a court lawyer. He served in the Union army during the Civil War. Although previously a Democrat, he emerged from the war a Republican, and in 1876 he nominated James G. Blaine for President in his famous "plumed knight" speech. He served (1867-69) as attorney general of Illinois, but his antireligious beliefs prevented any further advance. Known as "the great agnostic," Ingersoll questioned the tenets of Christian belief in such lectures as "The Gods" (1872), "Some Mistakes of Moses" (1879), "Why I Am an Agnostic" (1896), and "Superstition" (1898), drawing large audiences through his eloquence and irreverent wit and provoking denunciations from the orthodox. One of the greatest orators of his day, Ingersoll was acclaimed by Henry Ward Beecher as the "most brilliant speaker of the English tongue of all the men on the globe." His lectures were widely read for a generation, and editions of his works still circulate; the Dresden edition (12 vol., 1900) has been reprinted several times.
See his letters, ed. by E. I. Wakefield (1951, repr. 1974); biographies by C. H. Cramer (1952), O. P. Larson (1962), and D. D. Anderson (1972).
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Harris, Isham Green, 1818-97, American political leader, b. Franklin co., Tenn. Admitted to the bar in 1841, he was elected in 1847 to the Tennessee senate. Harris, a states' rights Democrat, served (1849-53) in Congress and was (1857-61) governor of Tennessee. It was largely through his efforts that Tennessee joined the Confederacy in May, 1861. Forced by Union victories to leave the state, he served on the staffs of various Confederate generals from 1862 to 1865, when he fled to Mexico and then to England. In 1867 he returned to Memphis. From 1877 to his death he was a U.S. Senator from Tennessee.
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Gretna Green, village, Dumfries and Galloway, S Scotland, on the border with England. It was famous as a place of runaway marriages from 1754, when English marriage law was tightened, until 1856, when a law was passed requiring that one of the parties to marriage in Scotland must reside in Scotland for at least 21 days before issuance of the license.
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Green, William, 1872-1952, American labor leader, president of the American Federation of Labor (1924-1952), b. Coshocton, Ohio. He rose through the ranks of the United Mine Workers of America, of which organization he was (1912-24) secretary-treasurer. With backing from John L. Lewis, Green was elected president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) to succeed Samuel Gompers. He led the organization of skilled labor into craft unions and gradually built up AFL membership. After eight of the largest unions split away (1935) under the leadership of John L. Lewis and formed the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) to organize workers in industrial unions, Green led the AFL in the subsequent struggle with the CIO. He set forth his philosophy in
Labor and Democracy (1939). Green was succeeded as president of the AFL by George Meany. See
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations.
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Green, Thomas Hill, 1836-82, English idealist philosopher. Educated at Oxford, he was associated with the university all his life. He was professor of moral philosophy there from 1878 until his death. In his
Introduction to Hume's Treatise on Human Nature (1874), Green struck a heavy blow at traditional British empiricism. Rejecting sensationalism, he argued that all reality lies in relations, that relations exist only for a thinking consciousness, and that therefore the world is constituted by mind. In his
Prolegomena to Ethics (1883) Green submitted an ethics of self-determination, which he epitomized in the phrase "Rules are made for man and not man for rules." Self-determination is present when humanity is conscious of its own desires, and freedom occurs when people identify themselves with what they consider morally good. Green's ethics are believed to have influenced, among others, John Dewey and Alfred North Whitehead. Politically, Green was a liberal; he asserted that government must represent the general will and that when it fails to do so it should be changed. See his
Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation (1895).
See M. Richter, The Politics of Conscience: T. H. Green and His Age (1983).
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Green, Theodore Francis, 1867-1966, American politician, b. Providence, R.I. After studying law at Harvard and in Europe, he was admitted to the bar (1892) and practiced in Providence. Active in Democratic party politics, he held minor offices before being elected (1933) governor of Rhode Island. Green was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1936 and served until his retirement in 1961 at the age of 93, the oldest Senator in history. From 1957 to 1959 he was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
See biography by E. L. Levine (2 vol., 1963-71, repr. 1976).
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Green, Samuel Swett, 1837-1918, American librarian, b. Worcester, Mass. Green was librarian of the Worcester, Mass., Free Public Library (1871-1909) and was a member of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts from its beginning in 1890. One of the founders of the American Library Association, he was its president in 1891 and president of the World's Congress of Librarians at Chicago in 1893. Green promoted direct librarian assistance to users of library facilities. His writings include
The Public Library Movement in the United States, 1853-1893 (1913).
See biography by R. K. Shaw (1926).
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Green, Samuel, 1615-1702, early American printer. He established himself at Cambridge, Mass., in 1649, using a press owned by Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard. Green succeeded Stephen
Daye, who established the first printing plant in the colonies. The press that was sent to the colony in 1654 by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England was given to Green. He used it to produce his most famous imprints, John Eliot's Indian tracts and the Indian Bible. His imprints number nearly 300, among them editions of the
Bay Psalm Book and
The Book of the General Lawes and Libertyes. Green continued in business until 1692, and was succeeded by his son Bartholomew
Green (1666-1732), printer and publisher of the
Boston News-Letter (1704-07 and 1711-32).
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Green, Paul, 1894-1981, American dramatist, b. Lillington, N.C., grad. Univ. of North Carolina, 1921. He is known for his realistic plays depicting the lives of blacks and white tenant farmers. His first full-length play,
In Abraham's Bosom (1926; Pulitzer Prize) was followed by such works as
The Field God (1927),
The House of Connelly (1931),
Johnny Johnson (with music by Kurt Weill, 1936), and
Native Son (with Richard Wright, 1941). Green also wrote short stories and novels. His essays on the theater were collected in
The Hawthorn Tree (1943),
Dramatic Heritage (1953), and
Drama and the Weather (1958).
See his Five Plays of the South (1963); study by B. H. Clark (1974).
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Green, Matthew, 1696-1737, English poet. His one important poem, The Spleen (1737), marked by its wit, was in praise of the contemplative life.
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Green, Julian or Julien, 1900-1998, French writer, b. Paris, of American parentage. Except for the years from 1918 to 1922 and from 1940 to 1945, Green lived in France. His 18 novels, written in French, are somber psychological tales concerning vice and near-madness. Among the best known are
The Closed Garden (1927, tr. 1928),
The Dark Journey (1929, tr. 1929),
Midnight (1936, tr. 1936),
Moira (1950, tr. 1951), and
L'Autre (1971, tr. 1973). Green's epic historical novel of the American South,
The Distant Lands (1987; tr. 1991), was a French bestseller. His plays include
Sud (1953),
L'Ennemi (1954), and
L'Ombre (1956). He was elected to the Académie Française in 1971.
See his autobiography (4 vol.; pub. in full 1984); Diary (1964), a partial translation of the journal that he began keeping in the 1920s; studies by G. S. Burne (1971) and S. Stokes, Jr. (1955, repr. 1972).
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Green, Hetty, 1835-1916, American financier, b. Henrietta Howland Robinson, New Bedford, Mass. She inherited a large fortune from her father and invested it so shrewdly that she was considered the greatest woman financier in the world. Extremely miserly during her lifetime, the "Witch of Wall Street" left an estate valued at $100-200 million.
See biographies by B. Sparkes and S. T. Moore (1930) and C. Slack (2004); A. H. Lewis, The Day They Shook the Plum Tree (1963).
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Green, Henry, pseud. of
Henry Vincent Yorke, 1905-73, English novelist. Born to an aristocratic family, he was the longtime managing director of his family's industrial engineering business in London. His nine novels, with laconic titles such as
Party Going (1939),
Nothing (1950), and
Doting (1952), are as brilliantly original as they are tantalizing and enigmatic. Viewing human failures and inadequacies in an essentially comic light, Green achieves his unique effects through techniques normally reserved for poetry, relying on allusion, symbolism, and imagery. His most representative works are
Living (1929),
Caught (1943),
Loving (1945), and
Concluding (1948). A number of Green's short stories were published posthumously in
Surviving (1992).
See his memoir Pack My Bag (1952); J. Treglown, Romancing: The Life and Work of Henry Green (2001); study by R. S. Ryf (1967).
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Green, George, 1793-1841, English mathematician and physicist. He was largely self-taught until, in 1833, he entered Caius College, Cambridge. In addition to making a number of contributions to the calculus, Green was especially interested in the equilibrium of fluids and was the first to introduce the potential in its application to the theories of the magnetic and electric fields. He also studied light and sound. His papers were edited, with a memoir, by N. M. Ferrers (1871).
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Green, Duff, 1791-1875, American journalist and politician, b. Woodford co., Ky. After service in the War of 1812, he settled in Missouri, where he became (1824) editor of the St. Louis
Enquirer. He moved (1825) to Washington, D.C., purchased the
United States Telegraph, and backed Andrew Jackson for President. After Jackson was elected (1828), Green's newspaper became the administration journal and Green was admitted to Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet. He backed John C. Calhoun against Jackson in the
nullification controversy, however, and thereafter he increasingly defended the South on the issues of slavery and the tariff. He left (1836) the
Telegraph, and—having staunchly supported the Harrison-Tyler ticket in 1840—served Tyler on diplomatic missions to England (1843) and to Texas and Mexico (1844-45). He started (1844) in New York City the
Republic, a newspaper devoted to tariff reduction and sympathetic toward the South. He became increasingly involved in Southern industrial development and railroad building. He had secured charters and funds for a Southern Pacific railroad and was about to start construction when the Civil War began. During the war he operated various ironworks for the Confederacy.
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Green, Bartholomew, 1666-1732, early American printer, b. Cambridge, Mass.; the son of Samuel
Green. He inherited his father's press in Cambridge in 1692 and moved it to Boston. He had the patronage of the government and of Harvard and became the foremost printer in New England. Except for four years Green printed the Boston
News-Letter, the first American newspaper, from its inception in 1704 until his death. In 1722 he became its publisher also. His son-in-law, John Draper, succeeded to the
News-Letter.
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Green, Anna Katherine, 1846-1935, American detective-story writer, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., grad. Ripley Female College, Poultney, Vt., 1867. Of her many thrillers, characterized by logical construction and a knowledge of criminal law, The Leavenworth Case (1878) is the best known.
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Green, Andrew Haswell, 1820-1903, American civic leader, b. Worcester, Mass. He read law under Samuel J.
Tilden and became his partner. Prominent in civic affairs of New York City, he held a number of offices, was largely responsible for much of the park system (notably Riverside Drive, Morningside, and Fort Washington parks), and accomplished financial reform. However, he is mainly remembered as the chief advocate of a plan to merge New York City and neighboring cities to make up Greater New York. He was chairman of the commission that in 1897 drew up the plan by which Greater New York was established in 1898. He also helped to bring about the union of the Astor and Lenox foundations into the New York Public Library with funds left by Tilden.
See biography by J. Foord (1913).
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Green party, any of the political parties established in various countries to oppose the destructive environmental effects of many modern technologies and the economic systems and institutions that drive them. Many Green parties also advocate
pacifism and strongly support
human rights; the parties are typically grassroots leftist in their political orientation.
There are numerous Green parties in Europe, 32 of which are members of the European Federation of Green Parties. In 2003 those parties established the European Green party, in part in order to campaign on a common platform in EU elections. The German Green party, founded in West Germany in 1979, had some political successes in the 1980s and merged with a group from the former East Germany in 1993. In 1994 it outpolled the Free Democrats, previously Germany's third largest party; it again was the third largest party in 1998, when it first entered the government in a sometimes strained coalition with the Social Democrats, and in 2002. In 2005, however, it placed fifth, and was excluded from the coalition government formed by the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats. Green parties in several other European nations have been part of coalition governments, perhaps most notably in France (1997-2002).
A U.S. group has existed since 1973; the Green party of the United States was officially formed in 2001 from the Association of State Green Parties. There are 43 state organizations affiliated with the national confederation. Ralph Nader was the Green party's presidential candidate in 1996 and 2000, and in the latter election the party garnered the largest vote (2.6%) of any U.S. third party. In 2004 the party nominated David Cobb.
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Green River. 1 River, 370 mi (595 km) long, rising in central Ky. and flowing generally NW, through Mammoth Cave National Park, to the Ohio River near Evansville, Ind. Locks and dams make the Green River navigable upstream to the park.
2 River, 730 mi (1,175 km) long, rising near the Continental Divide, W Wyo., and flowing generally S through W Wyo., NW Colo., and E Utah to the Colorado River in Canyonlands National Park, SE Utah; it is the largest tributary of the Colorado. Most of its course flows through deep canyons, including Canyon of the Lodore in Dinosaur National Monument (see
National Parks and Monuments, table). The White, Yampa, and San Rafael rivers are its main tributaries. The Colorado River storage project of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has extensively developed the Green River basin for irrigation, mining, and hydroelectric power; Flaming Gorge Dam, NE Utah, is the major unit in this project.
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Green Revolution, term referring mainly to dramatic increases in cereal-grain yields in many developing countries beginning in the late 1960s, due largely to use of genetically improved varieties. Beginning in the mid-1940s researchers in Mexico developed broadly adapted, short-stemmed, disease-resistant wheats that excelled at converting fertilizer and water into high yields. The improved seeds were instrumental in boosting Mexican wheat production and averting famine in India and Pakistan, earning the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for American plant breeder Norman E. Borlaug, leader of the Mexican wheat team. Significant though less dramatic improvements followed in corn. The Mexican program inspired a similarly successful rice-research effort in the Philippines and a network of research centers dedicated to the important food crops and environments of the developing world. By 1992 the system included 18 centers, mostly in developing countries, staffed by scientists from around the world, supported by a consortium of foundations, national governments, and international agencies. Recent research responds to criticism that the Green Revolution depends on fertilizers, irrigation, and other factors that poor farmers cannot afford and that may be ecologically harmful; and that it promotes monocultures and loss of genetic diversity.
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Green Mountains, range of the Appalachian Mts., extending 250 mi (402 km) from north to south and extending from S Que., Canada to Vt. Mt. Mansfield, 4,393 ft (1,339 m) high, in Vermont, is the tallest peak. The range has low, rounded peaks, fertile valleys, and streams. Timber and maple syrup are the main products of the heavily forested mountains, much of whose area is in national and state forests. The mountains also yield high-quality marble and granite, with world-famous quarries in Barre, Vt. The scenic Green Mts. are a year-round vacation area, well known for its ski resorts. The Long Trail for hikers runs 261 mi (420 km) from Massachusetts to Canada; the Appalachian Trail runs through the southern part of the Green Mts.
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Green Mountain Boys, popular name of armed bands formed (c.1770) under the auspices of Ethan
Allen in the Green Mountains of what is today Vermont. Their purpose was to prevent the
New Hampshire Grants, as Vermont was then known, from becoming part of New York, to which it had been awarded by the British. Land speculators, such as Allen and his brothers, and settlers banded together in armed groups to defend their lands. Their methods were threat, intimidation, and actual violence against the New Yorkers, and they managed to keep the region free from New York control, establishing (1777) instead a separate government that ultimately achieved (1791) statehood for Vermont. In the American Revolution the Green Mountain Boys figured prominently in 1775, when, under Allen's leadership, they captured Ticonderoga. In 1777 Seth Warner and John
Stark led them to victory at Bennington—one of the notable achievements of the revolutionaries in the Saratoga campaign.
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Green Bay, city (1990 pop. 96,466), seat of Brown co., NE Wis., at the mouth of the Fox River on Green Bay; inc. 1854. An important Great Lakes harbor, Green Bay is a port of entry, with heavy shipping and a large wholesale and jobbing trade. Its industries include papermaking, food and dairy processing, meatpacking, and auto part manufacture. Jean Nicolet established a trading post on the site of Green Bay in 1634; many notable French explorers and missionaries followed. The permanent settlement, the oldest in the state, dates from 1701. The key to the Fox-Wisconsin water route and thus an entry to the Midwest, Green Bay became a fur-trading center and was occupied successively by the French (1717), the British (1761), and the Americans (1816). With the settlement of the Old Northwest after the War of 1812 and the decline of the fur trade, Green Bay became the trade center of a lumber and farm area. Of interest are the National Railroad Museum and many historical buildings, including the Tank Cottage (1776). A branch of the Univ. of Wisconsin and a technical college are in the city, which is also the home of the Green Bay Packers professional football team.
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Green Bay, western arm of Lake Michigan, c.100 mi (160 km) long and from 10 to 20 mi (16-32 km) wide, NE Wis. and NW Mich.; separated from the lake by the Door and Garden peninsulas. The Fox River flows into the head of the bay at
Green Bay, Wis., a port city. A national and a state forest lie along a portion of the northern shore.
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Fessenden, Thomas Green, 1771-1837, American journalist and satirical poet, b. Walpole, N.H. Throughout his life he practiced law and edited various newspapers. Under the pseudonym Christopher Caustic he wrote satirical poems, of which "Democracy Unveiled" (1805), a scurrilous attack on Jefferson and other Democratic leaders, was the most famous. In 1822 he established in Boston the
New England Farmer, which he edited until his death. He also wrote various agricultural handbooks including the widely used
Complete Farmer and Rural Economist (1834). In 1836 he was elected to the Massachusetts General Court.
See study by P. G. Perrin (1925).
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Cogswell, Joseph Green, 1786-1871, American librarian and bibliographer, b. Ipswich, Mass. After studying abroad, Cogswell taught mineralogy and geology at Harvard and became librarian in 1821. In 1823 he helped to found the Round Hill School at Northampton, Mass. He superintended the Astor Library in New York City (now part of the New York Public Library) and was librarian from 1848 to 1861 and trustee to 1864. He prepared an alphabetical and analytic catalog for the library, which was printed at his own expense and was the basis for the later card catalog.
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Bowling Green State University, at Bowling Green, Ohio; coeducational; chartered 1910 as a normal school, opened 1914. It became a college in 1929, a university in 1935. The school has research institutes in photochemical sciences and Canadian studies, as well as a library of popular culture.
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Bowling Green. 1 City (1990 pop. 40,641), seat of Warren co., S Ky., on the Barren River; inc. 1812. It is a shipping and marketing center for an area producing tobacco, corn, livestock, and dairy items. General Motors assembles Corvettes there, and a Corvette museum opened in 1994. Bowling Green was occupied by the Confederates from the beginning of the Civil War until the Union advance forced them to retreat in 1862. The city is the seat of Western Kentucky Univ. Nearby is Mammoth Cave, a popular tourist attraction. To the southwest lie the ruins of a Shaker settlement established in 1798. 2 City (1990 pop. 28,176), seat of Wood co., NW Ohio, in a farm area; inc. 1855. Tomato products, machinery, trailers, rubber, and plastics are the chief manufactures. Bowling Green State Univ. is there.
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Bethnal Green: see
Tower Hamlets.
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or
blue-green algaeAny of a large group of prokaryotic, mostly photosynthetic organisms. Though classified as bacteria, they resemble the eukaryotic algae in many ways, including some physical characteristics and ecological niches, and were at one time treated as algae. They contain certain pigments, which, with their chlorophyll, often give them a blue-green colour, though many species are actually green, brown, yellow, black, or red. They are common in soil and in both salt and fresh water, and they can grow over a wide range of temperatures, from Antarctic lakes under several metres of ice to Yellowstone National Park's hot springs in the U.S. Cyanobacteria are often among the first species to colonize bare rock and soil. Some are capable of nitrogen fixation; others contain pigments that enable them to produce free oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. Under proper conditions (including pollution by nitrogen wastes) they can reproduce explosively, forming dense concentrations called blooms, usually coloured an opaque green. Cyanobacteria played a large role in raising the level of free oxygen in the atmosphere of early Earth.
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(born March 3, 1873, Coshocton, Ohio, U.S.—died Nov. 21, 1952, Coshocton) U.S. labour leader, president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). He was a coal miner from age 16. He worked his way up through the union hierarchy and was elected president of the AFL in 1924, a post he kept until his death. The formation in 1935 of the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO), headed by John L. Lewis, led to bitter public disputes between the two men, ending in the expulsion of the CIO from the AFL in 1936. Seealso AFL-CIO; labour union.
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orig.
Henrietta Howland Robinson
Hetty Green, 1897
(born Nov. 21, 1834, New Bedford, Mass., U.S.—died July 3, 1916, New York, N.Y.) U.S. financier, reputedly the wealthiest American woman of her time. In 1865 her father and aunt both died, leaving her an estate valued at $10 million. By shrewd management she increased it to more than $100 million at her death.
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River, western U.S. It flows from western Wyoming south into Utah, where it turns east to make a loop through the northwestern corner of Colorado. Turning south in Utah, it enters the Colorado River in Canyonlands National Park after a course of 730 mi (1,175 km). Originally known as the Spanish River, it was renamed in 1824, probably for its colour, derived in places from green soapstone banks along its course.
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Part of the Appalachian Mountains in the U.S. It extends for 250 mi (402 km) through the centre of Vermont and has a maximum width of 30 mi (50 km). Many peaks rise to more than 3,000 ft (900 m); the highest is Mount Mansfield at 4,393 ft (1,339 m). Known for their skiing facilities, the mountains are traversed by the Long Trail (part of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail). Green Mountains National Forest, which covers 214,000 acres (86,600 hectares), was established in 1932.
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City (pop., 2000: 102,313), northeastern Wisconsin, U.S. Located on the Fox River at Green Bay, an inlet of Lake Michigan, it was the site of French trading posts from 1634 until the War of 1812. The U.S. took possession when the army built Fort Howard there in 1816. With the decline of the fur trade and the opening of the Erie Canal, it developed as a lumbering and agricultural centre. A Great Lakes port of entry with heavy shipping, it has a large wholesale and distributing business. The city is famous for its professional football team, the Green Bay Packers, which it has supported since 1919. It is the site of a University of Wisconsin branch and a technical college.
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