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FULLER - 15 reference results

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Fuller, Thomas

Fuller, Thomas, 1608-61, English clergyman and author. He was an able preacher and a noted wit. He adhered to the royalist cause during the civil war and the Commonwealth and served briefly as a royal chaplain. He is best known for his posthumously published Worthies of England (1662), an invaluable store of antiquarian information.

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Fuller, R. Buckminster

Fuller, R. Buckminster (Richard Buckminster Fuller), 1895-1983, American architect and engineer, b. Milton, Mass. Fuller devoted his life to the invention of revolutionary technological designs aimed at solving problems of modern living. His developments include "energetic" geometry (1917); the "4-D" house (1928), a self-contained, dustless unit (transportable by air); the streamlined Dymaxion auto (1933); and the sleek silver Dymaxion house (1944-45), Wichita, Kans., a circular structure that was restored, rebuilt, and installed (2001) at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Mich. Dymaxion, a word coined by Fuller in 1930, was his term for the principle of deriving maximum output from a minimum input of material and energy, best realized in his geodesic domes. These are spherical structures of extremely light, enormously strong triangular members. In the 1950s these domes were widely used for military and industrial purposes. Fuller's many books include Nine Chains to the Moon (1938), the autobiographical Ideas and Integrities (1963), Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1969), Utopia or Oblivion (1970), Approaching the Benign Environment (1970), Earth, Inc. (1973), and Critical Path (1981).

See biography by A. Hatch (1974); studies by S. Rosen (1969) and H. Kenner (1973); The Buckminster Fuller Reader, ed. by J. Meller (1970).

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Fuller, Melville Weston

Fuller, Melville Weston, 1833-1910, American jurist, 8th Chief Justice of the United States (1888-1910), b. Augusta, Maine. He studied at Harvard law school, and after 1856 he became a prominent lawyer in Chicago and acquired a national reputation in Democratic politics. Fuller was appointed Chief Justice by President Cleveland. In his opinions he leaned toward strict construction of the Constitution. He also served as a commissioner to help settle the Venezuela Boundary Dispute and was a member (1900-1910) of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Hague Tribunal).

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Fuller, Margaret

Fuller, Margaret, 1810-50, American writer and lecturer, b. Cambridgeport (now part of Cambridge), Mass. She was one of the most influential personalities of her day in American literary circles. A precocious child, she was forced by her father through an education that impaired her health but nonetheless gave her a broad knowledge of literature and languages. A stimulating talker, she conducted in Boston conversation classes for society women on social and literary topics. She was an ardent feminist, and her book Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845) treated feminism in its economic, intellectual, political, and sexual aspects. A leader of transcendentalism, she edited its premier journal, the Dial, for its first two years (1840-42). Although she has been identified as Zenobia in Hawthorne's Blithedale Romance, she was never in sympathy with the Brook Farm experiment upon which the book is based. More recognizable is James Russell Lowell's caricature of her as Miranda in the Fable for Critics. Horace Greeley, attracted by her writings, including Summer on the Lakes in 1843 (1844), called her to New York City as the first literary critic of the New York Tribune, from which her Papers on Literature and Art (1846) were republished. In 1847, Fuller went to Rome, where she married the Marchese Ossoli, a follower of Mazzini, and with him took part in the Revolution of 1848-49 and wrote letters home describing the situation for Tribune readers. In 1850, while sailing to the United States, she was drowned with her husband and infant son when the ship was wrecked off Fire Island, N.Y. Her works were republished incompletely by her brother, Arthur Fuller, and her love letters were edited by Julia Ward Howe.

See her selected writings, Woman and the Myth, ed. by B. G. Chevigny (1977); her autobiography, Memoirs of Margaret Fuller, ed. by R. W. Emerson et al. (1852, repr. 1972); her letters (ed. by R. N. Hudspeth, 4 vol., 1983-87); biographies by J. W. Howe (1883, repr. 1969), M. Wade (1940, repr. 1973), P. Blanchard (1987), and C. Capper (2 vol., 1992 and 2007); studies by P. Miller, ed. (1963) and D. Watson (1989).

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Fuller, Loie

Fuller, Loie, 1862-1928, American dancer and theatrical innovator, b. Fullersburg, Ill., as Mary Louise Fuller. She began her career as a child, performing in burlesque, vaudeville, the circus, plays, and other popular entertainments. Self-taught as a dancer, Fuller explored the use of voluminous silken skirts, which, illuminated by the multicolored lighting she created, floated, flowed, and swirled in her famous "Serpentine Dance," first performed in New York in 1892. Later that year she traveled to Paris, where she and her dance productions became wildly successful. She was painted by Toulouse-Lautrec, sculpted by Rodin, exalted by Mallarmé and other writers, and dramatically portrayed in various art nouveau works. Remaining in Europe, Fuller became a successful artistic entrepeneur, forming her own school (1908) and founding a troupe that toured worldwide. She continued to experiment with lighting effects and other forms of stagecraft, and ultimately choreographed more than 100 dances.

See her autobiography, Fifteen Years of a Dancer's Life (1908, tr. 1913); biographies by S. R. Sommer and M. Harris (1989) and R. N. and M. E. Current (1997).

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Fuller, John Frederick Charles

Fuller, John Frederick Charles, 1878-1966, British soldier. In World War I, he recognized the importance of mechanized warfare and, as general staff officer of the tank corps, planned the stunning tank attack at Cambrai in 1917 (see tank, military). His ideas, expressed in Tanks in the Great War (1920), On Future Warfare (1928), and other works, had a great effect on military thinking on the Continent. His military analysis extended far beyond championship of armored warfare, and he established himself as one of the leading military commentators of the day. He retired from the army in 1933 but was active as an analyst in World War II. Among his other works are Foundations of the Science of War (1926), The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant (2d ed. 1958), The Dragon's Teeth (1932), War and Western Civilization (1932), The Second World War (rev. ed. 1968), and A Military History of the Western World (3 vol., 1954-56).

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Fuller, George

Fuller, George, 1822-84, American portrait, figure, and landscape painter, b. Deerfield, Mass.; pupil of Henry K. Brown at Albany. He first practiced portraiture in Boston and later in New York City and then turned to farming. Acclaim for his painting came in the last decade of his life, when the originality of treatment, richness of tone, and pictorial qualities of his later works awakened widespread interest. Among Fuller's best canvases are Nydia, And She Was a Witch, The Quadroon, and Head of a Boy (all: Metropolitan Mus. of Art); Winifred Dysart (Worcester, Mass., Art Mus.); Turkey Pasture, Kentucky, and Arethusa (both: Mus. of Fine Arts, Boston).

See J. B. Millet, George Fuller: His Life and Works (1886).

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Austin, Stephen Fuller

Austin, Stephen Fuller, 1793-1836, American leader of colonization in Texas, known as the Father of Texas, b. Wythe co., Va.; son of Moses Austin. He grew up in Missouri, studied at Transylvania Univ. in Kentucky, served (1814-20) in the Missouri territorial legislature, and was studying law in New Orleans when his father died. Stephen took up the plans to colonize Texas and on a journey there (1821) selected the area between the Brazos and Colorado rivers. In Jan., 1822, he planted the first legal settlement of Anglo-Americans in Texas. He later went to Mexico City to have his grant cleared and confirmed by the newly independent Mexican government. Austin's settlements, with the towns of San Felipe de Austin and Brazoria, prospered. Other American colonists poured in. As friction developed over the years with the Mexican government, Austin opposed illegal efforts at Texan independence. He was sent in 1833 to Mexico City to present the settlers' grievances, to ask that Texas be separated from Coahuila, and to get the Mexican immigration law modified. He was accused of treason and imprisoned. On his return to Texas in 1835 he opposed the government of Santa Anna and so forwarded the Texas Revolution. He was sent as one of the commissioners (1835-36) of the provisional government to obtain aid in the United States, was defeated (1836) by Samuel Houston for the presidency of Texas, and served briefly until his death as secretary of state.

See The Austin Papers, 1765-1837 (1924-28); biographies by S. Glassock (1951), E. G. Barker (1925, repr. 1968), and G. Cantrell (1999).

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Fuller, R(ichard) Buckminster

(born July 12, 1895, Milton, Mass., U.S.—died July 1, 1983, Los Angeles, Calif.) U.S. inventor, futurist, architect, and author. The grandnephew of Melville Fuller, he was expelled twice from Harvard University and never completed his college education. Failure in a prefab construction business led him to search for design patterns that would most efficiently use Earth's resources for humanity's greatest good. His innovations included the inexpensive, lightweight, factory-assembled Dymaxion House and the energy-efficient, omnidirectional Dymaxion Car. He developed a vectorial system of geometry that he called “Energetic-Synergetic geometry”; its basic unit is the tetrahedron, which, when combined with octahedrons, forms the most economic space-filling structures. This led Fuller to design the geodesic dome, the only large dome that can be set directly on the ground as a complete structure, and the only practical kind of building that has no limiting dimensions (i.e., beyond which the structural strength must be insufficient).

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Fuller, Melville (Weston)

(born Feb. 11, 1833, Augusta, Me., U.S.—died July 4, 1910, Sorrento) U.S. jurist. After graduating from Bowdoin College and Harvard Law School, he built a major legal practice in Chicago (from 1856), where he became prominent in Democratic Party politics. Although unknown nationally, he was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1888 by Pres. Grover Cleveland; he would remain on the Court until his death. His colleagues included Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and John Marshall Harlan. He wrote the Court's opinion in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., which declared a federal income tax unconstitutional. He also served on the Hague Court of International Arbitration (1900–10).

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Fuller, (Sarah) Margaret

married name Marchesa Ossoli

(born May 23, 1810, Cambridgeport, Mass., U.S.—died July 19, 1850, at sea off Fire Island, N.Y.) U.S. critic, teacher, and woman of letters. She became part of the Transcendentalist circle (see Transcendentalism), was a close friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and eventually became the founding editor of the Trancendentalist magazine The Dial (1840–42). Her Summer on the Lakes, in 1843 (1844), a study of frontier life, was followed by Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), a demand for women's political equality and a plea for women's intellectual and spiritual fulfillment. She traveled to Europe in 1846 as a correspondent for the New York Tribune. In Italy she married a revolutionary marquis; forced into exile, they perished in a shipwreck while returning to the U.S.

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Fuller, Loie

orig. Marie Louise Fuller

Loie Fuller.

(born Jan. 15, 1862, Fullersburg, Ill., U.S.—died Jan. 1, 1928, Paris, Fr.) U.S. improvisational dance performer and pioneer of modern dance. She began acting at age four, appearing with stock companies and vaudeville shows. From 1892 in Paris she gained attention with her “serpentine dance,” in which she used yards of flowing silk illuminated by theatrical lighting. She added a “fire dance” (dancing on an illuminated pane of glass) and other acts, attracting critical and public adulation, especially in Europe.

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Fuller, J(ohn) F(rederick) C(harles)

(born Sept. 1, 1878, Chichester, Sussex, Eng.—died Feb. 10, 1966, Falmouth, Cornwall) British military theoretician and historian. He served as chief of staff of the British tank corps in World War I. He planned the surprise attack of 381 tanks at the Battle of Cambrai (Nov. 20, 1917), the first massed tank assault in history. After the war he launched a crusade for the mechanization and modernization of the British army. His emphasis on the armoured offensive met with resistance among English military tacticians, but his teachings were largely vindicated in World War II. His works include Tanks in the Great War (1920), Machine Warfare (1942), and A Military History of the Western World (1954–56).

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Austin, Stephen (Fuller)

(born Nov. 3, 1793, Austinville, Va., U.S.—died Dec. 27, 1836, Austin, Texas) U.S. founder of the first legal colony of English-speaking people in Texas when it was still part of Mexico. He was raised in the Missouri Territory and served in its legislature (1814–19). The economic panic in 1819 led his father to conceive a plan to colonize Texas on land obtained from the Mexican government. Austin continued the project after his father died (1821) and founded a colony of several hundred families on the Brazos River in 1822. He maintained good relations with the Mexican government. He tried to induce the Mexican government to make Texas a separate state in the Mexican confederation; when this attempt failed, he recommended in 1833 the organization of a state without waiting for the consent of the Mexican congress, and he was imprisoned. Released in 1835, he traveled to the U.S. to secure help when the Texas revolution broke out in October of that year. He is considered one of the state's founders. The city of Austin is named for him.

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