EXCAVATE encyclopedia topics

The excavates are a major assemblage of protists, often known as Excavata. The phylogenetic category Excavata contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and includes some important parasites of humans. Many excavates lack 'classical' mitochondria - these organisms are often referred to as 'amitochondriate', although, most, perhaps all, retain a mitochondrial organelle in greatly modified form. Others have mitochondria with tubular, discoidal, or in some cases, laminar cristae. Most excavates have two, four, or more flagella and many have a conspicuous ventral feeding groove with a characteristic ultrastructure, supported by microtubules. However, various groups that lack these traits may be considered excavates based on genetic evidence (primarily phylogenetic trees of molecular sequences). Most excavates fall into one of four groups, which may be treated as phyla. These are shown in the table below:

Superphylum	Phylum	Representative genera	Description
Discicristata	Euglenozoa	e.g. Euglena, Trypanosoma	Many important parasites, one large group with plastids (chloroplasts)
Discicristata	Percolozoa or Heterolobosea	e.g. Naegleria, Acrasis	Most alternate between flagellate and amoeboid forms
	Loukozoa or jakobids	e.g. Jakoba
	Metamonada	e.g. Giardia, Trichomonas	Amitochondriate, mostly symbiotes of animals

Percolozoa (Heterolobosea) and Euglenozoa appear to be particularly close relatives, and are united by the presence of discoid cristae within the mitochondria (Superphylum Discicristata). Most jakobids have tubular cristae, like most other protists, while the metamonads are unusual in having lost classical mitochondria—instead they have 'hydrogenosomes', 'mitosomes' or uncharacterised organelles.

Excavate relationships are still uncertain; it is possible that they are not a monophyletic group. The monophyly of the excavates is far from clear, although it seems like there are several clades within the excavates which are monophyletic.

Certain excavates are often considered among the most primitive eukaryotes, based partly on their placement in many evolutionary trees. This could encourage proposals that excavates are a paraphyletic grade that includes the ancestors of other living eukaryotes. However, the placement of certain excavates as 'early branches' may be an analysis artifact caused by long branch attraction, as has been seen with some other groups, for example, microsporidia.

References

Cavalier-Smith, T. (2002). "The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 297–354.
Alastair G. B. Simpson (2003). "Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 1759–1777.