Roosendaal en Nispen, city (1994 pop. 62,784), North Brabant prov., SW Netherlands, near the Belgian border. It is a transportation and industrial center. Manufactures include furniture, hose components, fluorescent light parts, and paper machinery.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Puy-en-Velay, Le, city (1990 pop. 23,434), capital of Haute-Loire dept., S central France. Le Puy-en-Velay is the center of an old lace industry, as well as traditional brewing and leather industries. It was an old capital of
Velay and an episcopal see from the 6th cent. The city grew after its shrine to the Virgin became (10th cent.) a major place of pilgrimage. The modern section of the city lies below a bare rock, which, towering almost 500 ft (152 m) above the city, is capped by a bronze statue of the Virgin. Immediately at the foot of the rock lies the old city, with a cathedral (12th cent.) of extraordinarily daring construction, an 11th-century baptistery, and numerous Gothic buildings. Atop a lesser, needle-shaped rock is the Romanesque Church of St. Michel d'Aiguilhe, and at its foot is an 11th-century chapel.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
En-shemesh, in the Bible, place, E of Jerusalem, on the border of Judah.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
En-rogel, in the Bible, spring, near Jerusalem.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
En-rimmon, in the Bible, place, reoccupied after the Exile. The same is meant by "Ain and Rimmon" and "Ain, Remmon" in the Book of Joshua; by "Ain, Rimmon" in First Chronicles; and by "Rimmon" in Zechariah. It was near the border of Simeon.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
En-mishpat, the same as
Kadesh (Kadesh-barnea).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
En-hazor, in the Bible, place on Naphtali.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
En-hakkore, in the Bible, spring in Lehi that burst forth when Samson called upon the Lord.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
En-gedi, in the Bible, oasis on the W shore of the Dead Sea, famed for its vineyards. David hid there from Saul.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
En-gannim, in the Bible.
1 Town of Judah.
2 Levitical city, the modern
Jenin (West Bank), at the southeastern end of the plain of Esdraelon. An alternate form is Anem.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
En-dor, in the Bible, village, ancient Palestine, S of Mt. Tabor, where lived a celebrated witch consulted by King Saul.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Châlons-en-Champagne, formerly Châlons-sur-Marne, city (1990 pop. 51,533), capital of Marne dept., NE France, in Champagne, on the Marne River. It is a commercial and industrial center. Among its manufactures are electrodes, paper, hosiery, foundry products, and musical and precision instruments. There, in 451, the Huns under Attila were defeated by Actius. Although badly damaged in both World Wars, it still retains its cathedral (13th-17th cent.) and many remarkable Gothic churches. An arts and crafts school is there.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Chou En-lai: see
Zhou Enlai.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Bourg-en-Bresse or Bourg, town (1990 pop. 42,955), capital of Ain dept., in Burgundy, E central France. A major transportation hub, farm market, and tourist center, it is the chief city of Bresse. Machinery, morocco leather, furniture, shoes, and ceramics are also made. The church (late 15th cent.) of nearby Brou is one of the finest in France.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Aix-en-Provence, city (1990 pop. 126,854), Bouches-du-Rhône dept., in Provence, SE France. It is a commercial center in an area producing olives, grapes, and almonds. Its manufactures include food products, wine-making equipment, and electrical apparatus. Founded (123
B.C.) by the Romans near the site of mineral springs, it has long been a popular spa. There, in 102
B.C., Marius defeated the Teutons. It became an archiepiscopal see in the 5th cent. It has been the capital of Provence since the 12th cent. (except when replaced by Arles), and passed with Provence to the crown in 1487, becoming the seat of a provincial
parlement. A music center since the 11th cent. and a focus of
Provençal literature, Aix has a university (founded 1409; recently combined with one at Marseilles). A notable structure is the Cathedral of Saint-Sauveur (13th-14th cent.). A picturesque town, Aix has become a favorite sojourn for painters. An opera festival is held each summer. Cézanne was born and died there.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
In Japan (circa 8th–15th century), a private, tax-free, often autonomous estate. As the shōen increased in numbers, they undermined the political and economic power of the central government and contributed to the growth of powerful local clans. Landowners would commend their parcels of land to powerful families or religious institutions with tax-free status, thereby obtaining that status for themselves. All people connected with the land—the powerful patron, the owner, and the estate manager—had rights to part of the income from the land. During the Kamakura period (1192–1333), the shogunate (military government) asserted authority over the shōen by inserting its own stewards (jitō) into each estate to collect taxes. During Japan's Warring States period, the shōen gave way to consolidated landholdings controlled by daimyo (domain lords). Seealso samurai.
Learn more about shōen with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
or
Chou En-lai(born March 5, 1898, Huai'an, Jiangsu province, China—died Jan. 8, 1976, Beijing) Chinese communist leader, premier from the founding of the People's Republic of China until his death (1949–76). Zhou became a communist during his studies abroad in France and was an organizer for the Chinese Communist Party in Europe. Like other communists, he worked with the Nationalists in the early 1920s and escaped capture when Chiang Kai-shek purged his former allies in 1927. He joined Zhu De and Mao Zedong in Jiangxi province and became political commissar of the Red Army. In the 1930s he negotiated a tactical alliance with the Nationalists to resist Japanese aggression. When the communists prevailed over the Nationalists in 1949, Zhou became premier of the new People's Republic of China. During the Cultural Revolution, Zhou helped restrain extremists; as the revolution waned in the early 1970s, he sought to restore Deng Xiaoping and other moderates to power. He is credited with arranging the historic meeting between U.S. Pres. Richard Nixon and Mao that paved the way for U.S. recognition of the communist government.
Learn more about Zhou Enlai with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
City (pop., 1999: 134,222), southeastern France. Founded as a military colony by the Romans circa 123 BC, it was the scene of the defeat of the Teutons by Marius in 102 BC. Visigoths, Franks, Lombards, and finally Muslim invaders from Spain successively plundered the town. As the capital of Provence, it was a centre of culture during the Middle Ages; it became part of France in 1486. It is now a residential suburb of Marseille; its industries include tourism, food processing, and the manufacturing of electrical machinery.
Learn more about Aix-en-Provence with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
