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Arthur J. Raffles is a character created in the 1890s by E. W. Hornung, a brother-in-law to Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes. Raffles is, in many ways, a deliberate inversion of Holmes — he is a "gentleman thief," living in The Albany, a very upscale address in London, playing cricket for the Gentlemen of England and supporting himself by carrying out ingenious burglaries. He is called the "Amateur Cracksman," and often, at first, differentiates between himself and the "professors" — professional criminals from the lower classes.

As Holmes has Dr. Watson to chronicle his adventures, Raffles has Harry "Bunny" Manders — a former schoolmate saved from disgrace and suicide by Raffles, who persuaded him to accompany him on a burglary. While Raffles often takes advantage of Manders' relative innocence, and sometimes treats him with a certain amount of contempt, he knows that Manders' bravery and loyalty are utterly to be relied on. In several stories, Manders saves the day for the two of them after Raffles gets into situations he cannot get out of on his own.

One of the things that Raffles has in common with Holmes is a mastery of disguise — during his days as an ostensible man-about-town, he maintains a studio apartment in another name in which he keeps the components of various disguises, and he can imitate the regional speech of many parts of Britain flawlessly, despite his lack of skill at foreign languages.

Plot details

The "Raffles" stories have two distinct phases. In the first phase, Raffles and Bunny are men-about-town who also commit burglaries. Raffles is a famous gentleman cricketer, a marvellous spin bowler who is often invited to social events that would be out of his reach otherwise. "I was asked about for my cricket," he comments after this period is over. It ends when they are caught and exposed on an ocean voyage while attempting another theft; Raffles dives overboard and is presumed drowned. These stories were collected in The Amateur Cracksman. Other stories set in this period, written after Raffles had been "killed off," were collected in A Thief in the Night.

The second phase begins some time later when Bunny - having served a prison sentence - is summoned to the house of a rich invalid. This turns out to be Raffles himself, back in England in disguise. Then begins their "professional" period, exiled from Society, in which they are straightforward thieves trying to earn a living while keeping Raffles's identity a secret. They finally volunteer for the Boer War, where Bunny is wounded and Raffles dies in battle after exposing an enemy spy. These stories were originally collected in The Black Mask, although they were subsequently published in one volume with the phase one stories.

Like Sherlock Holmes after his disappearance into the Reichenbach Falls, Raffles was never quite the same after his reappearance. The 'classic' Raffles elements are all found in the first stories: cricket, high society, West End clubs, Bond Street jewellers... and two men in immaculate evening dress pulling off impossible robberies.

The Raffles character was continued by Barry Perowne, who wrote stories set in two different milieux: one set had Raffles as a fairly-typical 1930s-era pulp adventure hero, and the other, in which Raffles only ever committed crimes for reasons of compassion, set in Raffles' original time, the last two decades of Queen Victoria's life and reign.

Personality

Raffles is cynical about society, but would settle down permanently if he could just make a big enough haul. At one point, he comments "we can't all be moralists, and the distribution of wealth is all wrong anyway," suggesting that he is less contented with the state of affairs in late-Victorian England than he seems to be. He is aware of the fact that many people who seem to be his friends only like him for his cricket, and he himself has lost all interest in the sport, keeping it up only for its excellent possibilities as a cover for his real occupation (which he considers far more interesting and exciting) and as mental practice. He does have scruples, despite his profession — he will not steal from his host, and he is reluctant to kill, although he does so once and plans to at another time. He also does feel badly about the way he abuses Manders' loyalty.

Despite the risks he already takes, he is sometimes still a sportsman, and some of his crimes are for motives other than pure profit. In a late story, he steals a gold cup from the British Museum on impulse: when challenged by Bunny as to how he will dispose of it, he posts it to the Queen as a Diamond Jubilee present. In another, he steals money from a tight-fisted Old Boy in order to make a donation to their former school in the name of "An Old Boy," shaming the man into making a donation after he had said he would not. His last crime, committed just before he goes off to the Boer War, is to steal a collection of memorabilia of his crimes from Scotland Yard's Black Museum.

The model for Raffles was George Ives, a Cambridge-educated criminologist and talented cricketer according to Lycett. Ives was a discreet gay, and although Hornung "may not have understood this sexual side of Ives' character", Raffles "enjoys a remarkably intimate relationship with his sidekick Bunny Manders."

Collections

The Raffles stories, all by E. W. Hornung, are collected in

The Amateur Cracksman (the early period, in which Raffles really is an amateur thief)
The Black Mask (after Raffles's and Bunny's exposure) (U.S. title: Raffles: Further Adventures of the Amateur Cracksman)
A Thief in the Night
Mr. Justice Raffles (novel).

Adam Corres authored the 2008 novel Raffles and the Match-Fixing Syndicate ISBN 978-1-906210-62-5, a modern crime thriller in which A.J.Raffles, a master of gamesmanship, explores the corrupt world of international cricket match fixing.

John Kendrick Bangs authored a 1906 novel R. Holmes & Co. starring Raffles' grandson (and Sherlock Holmes's son, by Raffles' daughter Marjorie), Raffles Holmes. The novel's second chapter tells the story of Holmes's pursuit of Raffles and his growing affection for Raffles's daughter. Bangs also wrote Mrs Raffles, in which Raffles's sidekick Bunny Manders teams-up in America with the cracksman's hitherto-unchronicled wife.

The Barry Perowne version has appeared in several different forms, and the stories set in the 1890s have been collected.

Graham Greene wrote a play called The Return of A.J. Raffles which differs from the Hornung canon on several points.

Peter Tremayne wrote the novel The Return of Raffles.

Philip José Farmer put Raffles and Manders into a science-fictional situation in his story "The Problem of the Sore Bridge."

Film adaptations

There have been numerous films based on Raffles and his adventures, including:

Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (1905), with Gilbert M. Anderson
Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (1917), starring John Barrymore
Raffles (1925), with House Peters
Raffles (1930), featuring Ronald Colman
Raffles (1939), starring David Niven
Raffles (1975), a made-for-TV movie, with Anthony Valentine portraying Raffles and Christopher Strauli playing his sidekick Bunny Manders.
Raffles (TV series) The two reprised their roles in a well-regarded television series produced by Yorkshire Television in 1977 and scripted by Philip Mackie. The series was intermittently repeated on ITV3 in 2006. This series has now been released on DVD.

The Gentleman Thief (2001), starring Nigel Havers

The character also appears in the "Black Dossier" volume of the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. Apparently being named as a member of the "second Murray group."

The character of Raffles appeared in the TV film Incident at Victoria Falls under the name Stanley Bullard and played by Alan Coates. He encountered Sherlock Holmes, the creation of Hornung's brother-in-law.

Parody

Raffles, Gentleman Thug is a strip in Viz that features a character who shares his name (plus the name of his assistant, Bunny) with the literary Raffles. He is depicted as an upper-class, late Victorian/early Edwardian version of a "chav".