Dictionary
Thesaurus
Reference
Translate
Web
Related Searches
on Ask.com
CLEMENT - 28 reference results
Clements International
International Insurance Specialist Auto, Property, Health and Business
Sponsored Results www.clements.com
Wood, Clement
Wood, Clement, 1888-1950, American writer, b. Tuscaloosa, Ala., grad. Univ. of Alabama, 1909, LL.B. Yale, 1911. Among his many works are books on the craft of poetry; biographies, including a critical one of Amy Lowell (1926); novels; and a rhyming dictionary (1943). His most famous poem is the title piece of his collected poems, The Glory Road (1936).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Vallandigham, Clement Laird
Vallandigham, Clement Laird, 1820-71, American political leader, leader of the Copperheads in the Civil War, b. New Lisbon (now Lisbon), Ohio. He became (1842) a lawyer, was elected to the Ohio legislature (1845, 1846), and was editor (1847-49) of the Dayton Empire, a Democratic weekly. A strong upholder of states' rights, Vallandigham was a U.S. Representative from 1858 to 1863, being defeated for reelection in 1862. On May 1, 1863, in a political speech at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, he declared, among other things, that the Civil War was being fought not to save the Union but to free the blacks and enslave the whites. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, then commanding the Dept. of the Ohio, accused him of violating "General Order No. 38," which threatened punishment for those declaring sympathy for the enemy, and Vallandigham was arrested, court-martialed, and sentenced to imprisonment for the rest of the war. President Lincoln commuted the sentence to banishment behind Confederate lines. The Peace Democrats of Ohio nevertheless nominated (July, 1863) Vallandigham for governor, but he was defeated by John Brough. He made his way from the Confederacy to Canada, and from there he returned to the United States and was allowed to go unmolested. In the presidential campaign of 1864, the Democratic platform, representing his views, demanded immediate cessation of hostilities. Made commander of the Sons of Liberty (see Knights of the Golden Circle), he was the most prominent of the Copperheads. After the war he was an unsuccessful aspirant to Congress.

See biography by his brother, J. L. Vallandigham (1872, repr. 1972); study by F. L. Klement (1970).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement
Stuart or Stewart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement, known as Cardinal York, 1725-1807, claimant to the British throne, b. Rome. Second son of James Francis Edward Stuart (the Old Pretender), he was the Jacobite duke of York until the death (1788) of his brother Charles Edward Stuart (the Young Pretender), when he became royal claimant as Henry IX. He was the last of the direct male line of James II and the last pretender to press a claim to the throne (see Stuart, family). He was in France in 1745, ready to help in the Scottish Jacobite rebellion, and on his return to Italy was made (1747) a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1761 he was also made bishop of Frascati, where he lived and worked for years. His villa was sacked by the French in 1799, and he fled eventually to Venice. George III of Great Britain granted him a pension, and in gratitude Cardinal York bequeathed to George IV (then prince of Wales) the crown jewels of the Stuarts.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Moore, Clement Clarke
Moore, Clement Clarke, 1779-1863, American educator and poet, b. New York City, grad. Columbia, 1798. A biblical scholar, he was professor of Asian and Greek literature at the Episcopal General Theological Seminary, erected in New York City on land that he had donated. He is remembered for the well-known poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas," which begins " 'Twas the night before Christmas"; it was first published anonymously in the Troy Sentinel in 1823. Recent computer-aided scholarship has cast considerable doubt on Moore's authorship of the poem.

See biography by S. W. Patterson (1956); S. Nissenbaum, The Battle for Christmas (1996); D. Foster, Author Unknown (2000).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Greenberg, Clement
Greenberg, Clement, 1909-94, American art critic, b. New York City. Greenberg's criticism was primarily concerned with art produced after abstract expressionism. This art, now known as color-field painting, he termed post-painterly abstraction, reflecting Heinrich Wölfflin's theory that painterly and linear styles alternate through the ages. In his essay collection Art and Culture (1961), Greenberg argued that the essence of modern art, especially painting, lies in its purely visual content. Greenberg's philosophy of art was outlined in a series of lectures posthumously published as Homemade Esthetics (1999).

See biography by F. Rubenfeld (1998).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Fletcher, Thomas Clement
Fletcher, Thomas Clement, 1827-99, governor of Missouri (1865-69), b. Herculaneum, Mo. A Democrat opposed to slavery, he became a Republican in 1856 and supported Lincoln for the presidential nomination in 1860. In the Civil War, Fletcher commanded a Missouri regiment and served in the Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and Atlanta campaigns. He was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers for his service in repulsing Sterling Price at Pilot Knob, Mo. (Oct., 1864). As governor in the difficult postwar period, he proved an exceptionally able administrator.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement of Rome
Clement of Rome: see Clement I, Saint.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement of Alexandria
Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens), d. c.215, Greek theologian. Born in Athens, he traveled widely and was converted to Christianity. He studied and taught at the catechetical school in Alexandria until the persecution of 202. Origen was his pupil there. He probably died in Caesarea, Cappadocia. Clement was one of the first to attempt a synthesis of Platonic and Christian thought; in this his successors in the Alexandrian school were more successful. Only a few works survive. The Address to the Greeks (Protrepticus) sets forth the inferiority of Greek thought to Christianity. Appended to the Tutor (Pedagogus) are two hymns, among the earliest Christian poems. His homily, Who Is the Rich Man? Who Is Saved? is a well-written fragment. The Miscellanies (Stromateis) is a collection of notes on Gnosticism. He attacked Gnosticism, but he himself has been called a Christian Gnostic. Although Clement remained entirely orthodox, in his writing he strove to state the faith in terms of contemporary thought. He was long venerated as a saint, but Photius, in the 9th cent., regarded Clement as a heretic. Because of Photius's contentions the name of Clement was removed from the Roman martyrology.

See studies by E. F. Osborn (1957), W. E. G. Floyd (1971), S. R. Lilla (1971), and M. Smith (1973).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement XIV
Clement XIV, 1705-74, pope (1769-74), an Italian (b. near Rimini) named Lorenzo Ganganelli; successor of Clement XIII. He was prominent for many years in pontifical affairs at Rome, and he was created cardinal in 1759. He was a Conventual Franciscan. He inherited from his predecessor the hostility of every state of Catholic Europe. Clement XIV's part in the suppression of the Jesuits (see Jesus, Society of) has been greatly discussed; he was probably pressured into it. The suppression removed the pope's only independent support and put the church into the hands of the secular princes. He was succeeded by Pius VI.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement XI
Clement XI, 1649-1721, pope (1700-1721), an Italian (b. Urbino) named Giovanni Francesco Albani; successor of Innocent XII. He was known in his youth for his prodigious learning and brilliance. He became cardinal in 1690. As pope he was involved in the struggle between France and Austria over the throne of Spain; he recognized Philip V but later was forced into recognizing Charles of Hapsburg, the other claimant. The chief spiritual concern of his pontificate was that of Jansenism (see under Jansen, Cornelis). The brief Vineam Domini (1705) condemned the Jansenist ideas on papal infallibility, and in 1713 he issued the bull Unigenitus, which condemned certain other Jansenist propositions. He was succeeded by Innocent XIII.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement VIII
Clement VIII, 1536-1605, pope (1592-1605), a Florentine named Ippolito Aldobrandini; successor of Innocent IX. He reversed the policy of his predecessors by allying the Holy See with France rather than with Spain, which had assumed a dictatorial attitude over the papacy. Clement absolved Henry IV of France after his abjuration of Protestantism, and the two rulers were thereafter on most friendly terms. Clement was distinguished for his piety, and he labored for the improvement of the clergy and of the charitable institutions of Rome. His confessors were St. Philip Neri and Baronius, whom he created cardinal. He was succeeded by Leo XI.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement VII
Clement VII, antipope (1378-94): see Robert of Geneva.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement VII
Clement VII, c.1475-1534, pope (1523-34), a Florentine named Giulio de' Medici; successor of Adrian VI. He was the nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici and was therefore first cousin of Pope Leo X. In 1513 he became a cardinal and as archbishop of Florence was noted as a reformer. He was a chief supporter and adviser of Adrian in his attempts to reform the church. As pope, however, he proved to be unaware of the menace of Lutheranism to the church and was certainly not the man for the opening battles of the Reformation. His relations with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V were never very cordial, since Clement allied himself with Francis I of France in the League of Cognac (1526). As a result of his hostility to the emperor, the imperial troops attacked Rome in 1527, sacked the city, and held the pope for some months. Eventually (1529) peace was achieved and Clement crowned Charles emperor. About 1527 the first stage of the struggle of Henry VIII of England against the church began. Clement's behavior in the matter of the divorce and the dispensations for a new marriage has been called vacillating, but when the situation became critical, he put the irreproachable Cardinal Campeggio in charge of the case with Cardinal Wolsey. Later canon lawyers have steadily maintained that, whether he was influenced by Charles V or not, Clement followed the only course possible on legal grounds. He was a patron of Raphael, Michelangelo, and Benvenuto Cellini. He was succeeded by Paul III.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement VI
Clement VI, 1291-1352, pope (1342-52), a Frenchman named Pierre Roger; successor of Benedict XII. His court was at Avignon. He had been archbishop of Sens, archbishop of Rouen, and cardinal (1338). During his pontificate there was a major outbreak of the plague known as the Black Death (1348-50); Clement did what he could for sufferers. He tried to stem the wave of anti-Semitism brought on by the plague, and he did much to protect the Jews. In Roman affairs Clement at first favored Cola di Rienzi, then helped to defeat him. He had a quarrel with Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV over the annulment of Margaret Maultasch's marriage; the struggle was aggravated by enmity between the pope and the German archbishops, caused by the elevation of Prague into an archbishopric, detaching it from Mainz. The years before the onset of the Black Death were the heyday of papal Avignon, which Clement purchased (1348) from Joanna I. Clement spent extravagantly, had an elegant court, patronized the arts, and vastly favored his relatives. He was completely pro-French. He was succeeded by Innocent VI.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement V
Clement V, 1264-1314, pope (1305-14), a Frenchman named Bertrand de Got; successor of Benedict XI. He was made archbishop of Bordeaux by Boniface VIII, who trusted him; surprisingly, he was also in some favor at the court of Philip IV, even though Philip and the pope were archenemies. He was crowned pope at Lyons in Philip's presence and lived the rest of his life in France. In 1309 he settled at Avignon, beginning the long, controversial residency of the papacy there. The pontificate of Clement is one long chronicle of dictation by the French king. Although Clement effectively squelched Philip's effort to have Boniface posthumously condemned as a heretic—an act that would have been disastrous to the papacy—he supported Philip in the infamous suppression of the Knights Templars. He called the Council of Vienne (1311; see Vienne, Council of) to settle the issue and to deal with questions of heresy and church reform. He opposed Philip by supporting the election and coronation (1312) of Henry VII as Holy Roman emperor, but later renounced Henry for his policies in Italy. The Constitutiones Clementinae, issued by the pope in 1313, are important in canon law. He was succeeded by John XXII.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement IV
Clement IV, d. 1268, pope (1265-68), a Frenchman named Guy le gros Foulques; successor of Urban IV. He was a lay adviser of King Louis IX of France, but after his wife's death he entered the church. As pope he continued the struggle against the Hohenstaufen by confirming the agreement with Charles I (Charles of Anjou) that gave Charles the crown of Naples, by raising an army for him, and by investing him with the kingdom. When Conradin attacked Charles, Clement had a crusade preached against him. He was a strong opponent of nepotism, and he was the patron of Roger Bacon. He was succeeded by Gregory X.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement III
Clement III, antipope: see Guibert of Ravenna.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement I, Saint
Clement I, Saint, or Clement of Rome, d. A.D. 97?, pope (A.D. 88?-A.D. 97?), martyr; successor of St. Cletus. He may have known the apostles Peter and Paul and was a highly esteemed figure in the church. His letter to the church at Corinth was considered canonical by some until the 4th cent. It is notable for the authority Clement assumes in the name of the Church of Rome in resolving the factionalism that was afflicting the Corinthians and in enjoining the need for order in the church. St. Clement was the first Christian writer to use the myth of the phoenix as an allegory of the Resurrection. Many writings have been wrongly attributed to him, particularly the so-called Second Epistle of St. Clement to the Corinthians. He is represented in frescoes in the Church of San Clemente, Rome. He was succeeded by St. Evaristus. Feast: Nov. 23.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clement
Clement, in Philippians, one of Paul's coworkers. He is traditionally identified with St. Clement of Rome, the likely author of a letter written from there to the Corinthian church in c.A.D. 96.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Clay, Clement Claiborne
Clay, Clement Claiborne, 1816-82, U.S. Senator (1853-61), b. Huntsville, Ala. A legislator and then a judge in his native state, he was twice elected to the U.S. Senate and became an ardent defender of the states' rights doctrine. He left the Senate upon Alabama's secession and entered the Confederate senate, refusing the appointment as Secretary of War in the Confederacy. In 1864 he was sent by Jefferson Davis with two others on a diplomatic mission to Canada, which was intended to open peace negotiations with the federal government. Lincoln finally decided not to see him, and after a year in Canada, Clay returned to the South. After the assassination of Lincoln, he was accused of having taken part in a plot in Canada against Lincoln's life and also of having planned raids across the border, and a reward was offered for him. He gave himself up, was held at Fortress Monroe for almost a year without trial, and then was freed. His wife, Virginia Clay-Clopton, wrote A Belle of the Fifties (1904), a description of their Washington, D.C., home when it was a gathering place of capital society.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Biddle, Clement
Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814, American Revolutionary soldier, b. Philadelphia. Early in the war, he helped organize the "Quaker Blues," a company of volunteers. He later served as deputy quartermaster general of the Pennsylvania and New Jersey militia, commissary general of forage under Nathanael Greene in the Carolina campaign, and quartermaster general of the Pennsylvania militia. After the war he was (1787-93) U.S. marshal in Pennsylvania, but he gained more note as an importing merchant of Philadelphia.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Attlee, Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl
Attlee, Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl, 1883-1967, British statesman. Educated at Oxford, he was called to the bar in 1905. His early experience as a social worker in London's East End led to his decision to give up law and devote his life to social improvement through politics. In 1907 he joined the Fabian Society and soon afterward the Labour party. He was a lecturer in social science at the London School of Economics, and, after service in World War I, he became (1919) the first Labour mayor of Stepney.

Attlee entered Parliament in 1922. In 1927 he visited India as a member of the Simon commission and was converted to views that strongly favored Indian self-government. He joined the Labour government in 1930 but resigned in 1931 when Ramsay MacDonald formed the National government. As leader of the Labour party from 1935, Attlee was an outspoken critic of Conservative foreign policy, objecting particularly to the government's failure to intervene in the Spanish civil war. During World War II he served (1940-45) in Winston Churchill's coalition cabinet, and on Labour's electoral victory in 1945 he became prime minister.

Under Attlee's leadership, the Bank of England, the gas, electricity, coal, and iron and steel industries, and the railways were nationalized. His government also enacted considerable social reforms, including the National Health Service. Independence was granted to Burma (Myanmar), India, Pakistan, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and Palestine, and Britain allied itself closely with the United States in the cold war confrontation with the Soviet Union. The postwar economic crisis required stringent economic and financial controls, which reduced support for the government. Labour won the 1950 general election by a narrow margin, but in 1951, Attlee decided to go to the country again and was defeated. He was leader of the opposition until his retirement in 1955, when he received the title of Earl Attlee.

See his autobiographies, As It Happened (1954) and Twilight of Empire (ed. by F. Williams, 1962); biography by K. Harris (1983); studies by K. Morgan (1984) and P. Hennessy (1994).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Vallandigham, Clement L(aird)

(born July 29, 1820, Lisbon, Ohio, U.S.—died June 17, 1871, Lebanon, Ohio) U.S. politician. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1857–63), where he became a leader of the antiwar Copperheads and the secret Knights of the Golden Circle (later Sons of Liberty). As a result of his vociferous criticism of Pres. Abraham Lincoln's administration and its pursuit of the American Civil War, he was arrested and found guilty of treasonable sentiments (1863) and was sentenced to exile in the South. He soon made his way to Canada and later illegally to Ohio. While in Canada he was nominated for governor by the Ohio Peace Democrats, but he was easily defeated. He later criticized the Reconstruction policy of the Republicans as both unconstitutional and tyrannical.

Learn more about Vallandigham, Clement L(aird) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Moore, Clement Clarke

(born July 15, 1779, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died July 10, 1863, Newport, R.I.) U.S. scholar remembered for the ballad that begins “'Twas the night before Christmas.” Moore cofounded General Theological Seminary and taught Oriental and Greek literature there (1821–50). He is said to have composed “A Visit to St. Nicholas” to amuse his children on Christmas 1822, and it was published anonymously in the Troy (N.Y.) Sentinel, on Dec. 23, 1823. In 2000 it was determined that the poem was probably the work of Henry Livingston, Jr. (1748–1828).

Learn more about Moore, Clement Clarke with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Clement VII
orig. Giulio de' Medici

(born May 26, 1478, Florence—died Sept. 25, 1534, Rome) Pope (1523–34). The illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici (see Medici family), he was raised by his uncle Lorenzo de' Medici. In 1513 he was made archbishop of Florence and cardinal by his cousin Pope Leo X. He commissioned art from Raphael and Michelangelo. A weak and vacillating political figure mainly interested in advancing Medici interests, Clement allied with France in 1527, which led to Emperor Charles V's sack of Rome. Clement's indecisiveness complicated Henry VIII's request for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which contributed to Henry's decision to break with the church in Rome. His poor leadership also allowed the Reformation to develop further.

Learn more about Clement VII with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Clement VI
orig. Pierre Roger

(born circa 1291, Corèzze, Aquitaine—died Dec. 6, 1352, Avignon, Provence) Pope (1342–52). Archbishop of Sens and Rouen, he was made cardinal in 1338 and was consecrated pope at Avignon four years later (see Avignon papacy). He launched a Crusade against Smyrna in 1344, ending the piracy of the Ottoman Turks. He also restored papal authority in the Romagna region, which was disputed by families of the Italian nobility. In exchange for his protection, Joan I of Naples sold him Avignon. Clement opposed the Franciscan ascetics known as the Spirituals, enlarged the papal palace, and fostered art and scholarship.

Learn more about Clement VI with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Clement V
orig. Bertrand de Got

(born circa 1260, Bordelais region, France—died April 20, 1314, Roquemaure, Provence) Pope (1305–14), the first to reside at Avignon, France. He became archbishop of Bordeaux in 1299 and was elected pope six years later. By creating a majority of French cardinals, he ensured the election of a line of French popes. He moved the seat of the papacy to Avignon, under pressure from King Philip IV of France, who also forced Clement to annul Pope Boniface VIII's decisions that were unfavourable to France. The king also compeled the pope to dissolve the Templars, which Philip brutally suppressed. Clement opposed Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII after 1313 and appointed the king of Naples as imperial vicar on Henry's death. His decretals, the Clementinae, were a notable contribution to canon law.

Learn more about Clement V with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Clement I
Jan 01, 2004; Clement I Clement I (died 101) is believed to have been the third pope, after Saints Linus and Anacletus; some modernists who...
Read more with a free trial on HighBeam.com »
Clement V.
Jun 01, 2000; Clement V. By Sophia Menache. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, ser. 4, 36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,...
Read more with a free trial on HighBeam.com »
PILOT PEN 2006: Frustrations aside, Clement advances into second round
Aug 21, 2006; Arnaud Clement couldn't conceal his frustration in the first set of his first-round match at the Pilot Pen Tennis tournament....
Read more with a free trial on HighBeam.com »
Richard Clement leads a new generation in song
May 17, 1996; Richard Clement may not have known he was going to be a professional singer, but he always knew he was going to sing. His parents...
Read more with a free trial on HighBeam.com »
IT'S A HIGH-FIVE FOR CLEMENT RED SOX STARTER IS STILL PERFECT
May 23, 2005; Matt Clement's complete-game victory over the Atlanta Braves yesterday at Fenway Park was almost as easy as 1-2-3. Clement's nine...
Read more with a free trial on HighBeam.com »
HighBeam Research, Inc. © Copyright 2009.

Search another word or see CLEMENT on Dictionary | Thesaurus