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Vaca de Castro, Cristóbal
Vaca de Castro, Cristóbal, fl. 1540-45, Spanish colonial administrator in Peru. A judge of the royal audiencia at Valladolid, he was chosen by Charles V to restore order between the Pizarro and the Almagro factions. He was a man of integrity, sagacity, and courage. Arriving in 1541 and learning of the assassination of Francisco Pizarro, he assumed the governorship. Supported by Francisco de Carvajal, he put down the uprising headed by Almagro the younger (son of Diego de Almagro), who was defeated in 1542. Vaca de Castro was succeeded by the first viceroy of Peru, Núñez Vela, in 1544. The viceroy, suspecting Vaca de Castro of sympathizing with the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro, had him arrested. Returned to Spain in disgrace, Vaca de Castro was imprisoned for 12 years before he was cleared of all charges and restored to his honors. He probably died at some time after 1571.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 1856-1920, Indian nationalist leader. He was a journalist in Pune, and in his newspapers, the Marathi-language Kesari [lion] and the English-language Mahratta, he set forth his nationalist ideals. He sought a Hindu revival based on Maratha traditions and independence [swaraj] from Britain. After the Indian National Congress was founded (1885), Tilak became the acknowledged leader of the extreme wing. He fought the moderate measures of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and advocated resistance to British rule; he was arrested (1897) by the British and imprisoned for 18 months. In 1907 a split took place in the Congress, and Tilak led his extremist wing out of the party. The next year he was again imprisoned, this time for six years. Unlike Mohandas Gandhi, he welcomed the Montagu-Chelmsford Report (1918), which conceded a substantial measure of self-rule.

See biographies by T. V. Parvate (1959) and R. Gopal (1965); S. A. Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale (1962); G. V. Saroja, Tilak and Sankara on Bhagvad Gita (1985).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Setúbal
Setúbal, city (1991 pop. 83,548), capital of Setúbal district, S central Portugal, on the Bay of Setúbal at the mouth of the Sado River, in Estremadura. One of Portugal's most important ports, it handles wine, oranges, and cork. It has a fishing fleet, shipyards, chemical and glass plants, and is a major sardine-canning center. In 1979 a highway between Lisbon and Setúbal was opened. Setúbal was a royal residence (1481-95) under John II.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
San Cristóbal
San Cristóbal, city (1993 pop. 88,376), S Dominican Republic, on a Caribbean coastal plain. The city was founded in the late 16th cent. The first Dominican constitution was signed in San Cristóbal in 1844. The dictator Rafael Trujillo was born there in 1891. Nearby is an agricultural institute.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
San Cristóbal
San Cristóbal, city (1990 pop. 220,675), capital of Táchira state, W Venezuela, in a mountainous region near the Colombian border. It is a commercial, transportation, and industrial center. Textiles, leather products, cement, and tobacco are produced, and coffee, sugar, pineapples, and corn are exported. San Cristóbal was founded in 1561 and was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1875.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Cristóbal
Cristóbal, town, Colón prov., near the Caribbean end of the Panama Canal, Panama. Cristóbal is located in the former Panama Canal Zone and was the American residential suburb of Colón; it has been under Panamanian jurisdiction since 1979.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Cavaco Silva, Aníbal António
Cavaco Silva, Aníbal António, 1939-, Portuguese economist and political leader, prime minister (1985-95) and president (2006-) of Portugal, grad. Superior Institute of Economic and Financial Sciences, Lisbon (1964), York Univ., England (Ph.D 1973). He has worked for the Bank of Portugal (1977-79, 1981-85) and as a professor of economics at the New Univ. of Lisbon (1977-2002), and has written several books on economic subjects. A member of the center-right Social Democratic party, he was first elected to parliament in 1980 and served as finance minister (1980-81) before becoming prime minister. He resigned (1995) to run for president, but lost (1996); he won the office a decade later.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Castillejo, Cristóbal de
Castillejo, Cristóbal de, c.1490-1550, Spanish poet of the Renaissance. As secretary to the king of Bohemia, Castillejo visited Vienna and other European cities. His poems are grouped under the titles Obras de amores [works of love] and Obras morales y de devoción [moral and devotional works]. His Diálogo de la vida de corte is a clever and perceptive picture of life at court. He championed the traditional Spanish as against the Italian verse form.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Balenciaga, Cristóbal
Balenciaga, Cristóbal, 1895-1972, Spanish-born French fashion designer. He established houses of couture in Spain (1919-31) and Paris (1937-68) and quickly became couturier to Europe's royalty and aristocracy. He was noted for his huge evening coats with dolman sleeves; long, full skirts; tunic and chemise dresses; fitted dressmaker suits; pillbox hats; perfumes; scarves; the seven-eighths coat; and for the development of the fabric gazar, a heavily sized loosely woven silk.

See biography by L. E. Miller (1993, repr. 2007); memoir by M.-A. Jouve (1989, repr. 2004); P. Golbin and F. Baron, Balenciaga Paris (2006), and M. Walker, Balenciaga and His Legacy (2006).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Acuña, Cristóbal de
Acuña, Cristóbal de, 1597-1676?, Spanish Jesuit missionary and explorer in South America, rector of the Jesuit college at Cuenca, Ecuador. In 1638 he was sent by the viceroy to accompany Teixeira on his return journey down the Amazon River. Acuña's New Discovery of the Great River of the Amazons (1639, modern tr. in C. R. Markham's Expedition into the Valley of the Amazons, 1859, repr. 1964) was the earliest first-hand description of the Amazon to be printed.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar

(born July 23, 1856, Ratnagiri, India—died Aug. 1, 1920, Bombay) Indian scholar and nationalist. Born to a middle-class Brahman family, Tilak taught mathematics and in 1884 founded the Deccan Education Society to help educate the masses. Through two weekly newspapers, he voiced his criticisms of British rule in India, hoping to widen the popularity of the nationalist movement beyond the upper classes. In response to the Partition of Bengal (1905) he initiated a boycott of British goods and passive resistance, two forms of protest later adopted by Mohandas K. Gandhi. He left the Indian National Congress in 1907 when he was deported for sedition but rejoined in 1916, in time to sign a Hindu-Muslim accord with Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Though militant in his opposition to foreign rule, late in life Tilak advocated a measure of cooperation with the British in order to achieve reforms.

Learn more about Tilak, Bal Gangadhar with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
San Cristóbal Island

One of the Galapagos Islands, eastern Pacific Ocean, Ecuador. It is the most populated and fertile island of the archipelago, producing sugar, coffee, cassava, and limes. Volcanic in origin and with an area of 195 sq mi (505 sq km), it is the only island of the group that has a regular supply of fresh water. Charles Darwin landed there at the settlement of San Cristóbal in 1835 and compiled data that he later used in his book On the Origin of Species (1859).

Learn more about San Cristóbal Island with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Bal Harbour's new breed. (Bal Harbour Shops, Bal Harbour, Florida)
Jan 24, 1990; Bal Harbour's BAL HARBOUR, Fla. - For 24 years, Bal Harbour Shops, with its ultra-upscale specialty retailers, has banked on a...
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Bal Seal to Demonstrate "Enabling" Technology at SAE Event.
Oct 20, 2008; DETROIT -- Bal Seal Engineering, Inc., a global supplier of custom-engineered connecting, sealing, conducting and shielding...
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Mieke Bal. A Mieke Bal Reader.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; Mieke Bal. A Mieke Bal Reader. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2006. xxiv + 491 pp. $28.00 paper. After more than thirty years of...
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Differences in lymphocyte profile between BAL fluid and human lung tissue from patients with interstitial lung disease
Apr 01, 2008; ABSTRACT Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a technique that samples the inflammatory cells from distal airways and alveoli;...
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New Bal Seal Analytical Market Manager Kicks Off Pittcon Event With Video.
Mar 25, 2009; Jennifer Coleman, a new Global Analytical Market Manager for Bal Seal Engineering, Inc., signaled the official opening of her...
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