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AR - 17 reference results
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Taschereau, Sir Henri Elzéar
Taschereau, Sir Henri Elzéar, 1836-1911, Canadian jurist, b. Quebec prov., nephew of Elzéar Alexandre Cardinal Taschereau. He was a judge of the Supreme Court of Canada (1878) and was later chief justice (1902-6). He was knighted in 1902. His cousin, Sir Henri Thomas Taschereau, 1841-1909, was also a jurist. He was a judge of the superior court of Quebec (1878-1907) and chief justice of King's Bench in Quebec (1907-9). He was knighted in 1908. Sir Henri Thomas Taschereau's brother, Louis Alexandre Taschereau, 1867-1952, was minister of public works and labor in Quebec prov., attorney general, and prime minister of the province (1920-36). Louis's son, Robert, a jurist, served as chief justice of Canada in 1963-67.
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Taschereau, Elzéar Alexandre
Taschereau, Elzéar Alexandre, 1820-98, Canadian Roman Catholic cardinal, b. Quebec prov. He served the Quebec seminary for nearly 30 years, as professor, director, and superior. In 1871 he was made archbishop of Quebec; in 1886 he was created cardinal, the first Canadian to be so honored.
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Kemal, Yaşar
Kemal, Yaşar or Yashar, 1922-, Turkish novelist, b. Kemal Sadik Gögçeli. His rural childhood was marked by poverty and trauma; at a mosque at age five he witnessed his father's murder and was blinded in one eye. Dropping out of secondary school, Kemal worked at various menial jobs, and, after settling in Istanbul, became (1951-63) a newspaper reporter and columnist. His debut novel, Memed My Hawk (1955, tr. 1961, film 1987), the first of a series (1969-87), is the tale of a Robin Hood-like Anatolian outlaw and a chronicle of peasant-landowner struggles. It became one of Turkey's most celebrated novels and earned him an international reputation. Mingling realism with fantasy and folklore, Kemal is a prolific and highly political storyteller who concentrates on tales of rural Anatolia. His other novels include The Wind from the Plain (1960, tr. 1963), Iron Earth, Copper Sky (1963, tr. 1974), The Undying Grass (1968, tr. 1977), Seagull (1976, tr. 1981), and Salman the Solitary (1998). He is also known for his short stories and essays. A leftist of Kurdish ancestry, Kemal was arrested several times for political activities and in 1995 was jailed following publication, in Germany, of an article condemning Turkey's oppression of its minority Kurds.

See B. Tharaud, ed., Yaşar Kemal on His Life and Art (1999).

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Harun ar-Rashid
Harun ar-Rashid [Arab.,=Aaron the Upright], c.764-809, 5th and most famous Abbasid caliph (786-809). He succeeded his brother Musa al-Hadi, fourth caliph, a year after the death of his father, Mahdi, the third caliph. In his youth he had been very successful as a general in invasions of Asia Minor; on one of these he reached the Bosporus. Harun's empire included all SW Asia and the northern part of Africa, but by the end of his caliphate much of Africa had withdrawn from all but nominal obedience. He had diplomatic relations with China and with Charlemagne. The most famous incident of his career was the fall of the Barmakids, a Persian family that had become very powerful under Mahdi. Yahya, a Barmakid, had aided Harun in obtaining the caliphate, and he and his sons were in high favor until 798, when the caliph threw them in prison and confiscated their land; the reasons for this are not known, but it was probably a result of an extended intrigue by the Arab group at court. Harun was repeatedly faced with insurrections in his empire. These grew more frequent after the fall of the Barmakids, who were adroit statesmen. After this Harun's prime minister was Fazl ibn-Rabi. Harun was a munificent patron of letters and of arts, and under him Baghdad was at its apogee. He became a great figure to the Arabs, who tell about him in many of the stories of the Thousand and One Nights.

See F. W. Buckler, Harunu'l-Rashid and Charles the Great (1931); H. St. John B. Philby, Harun al Rashid (1933).

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Ar Raqqah
Ar Raqqah or El Rashid, town (1995 est. pop. 120,000), capital of Ar Raqqah governorate, N Syria, on the Euphrates River. Carpets are manufactured, and the town has an agricultural experimental station. The ancient Nicephorium, Ar Raqqah was prominent during the early Abbasid caliphate. Caliph Harun ar-Rashid built a summer palace there and used the town as military headquarters against Byzantium. Ar Raqqah was destroyed by the Mongols in the early 13th cent.; some ruins remain. The modern name also appears as Raqqa and Rakka.
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Ar Ramadi
Ar Ramadi, town, provincial capital, central Iraq, on the Euphrates River. It is the eastern terminus of a highway across the desert from the Mediterranean Sea. The town was founded in 1869. The British won an important victory over the Turks there in 1917. The name also appears as Ramadie or Rumadiya. The town has been a center of Sunni insurgent resistance since the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.
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Ar
Ar, city of Moab, probably one of the important centers E of the Dead Sea. The Greeks called it Areopolis, and later it was called Rabbath Moab. References to it in the Bible are numerous.
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Ar
Ar, symbol for the element argon.
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Abd ar-Rahman Khan
Abd ar-Rahman Khan, 1844?-1901, emir of Afghanistan (1880-1901); grandson of Dost Muhammad. He opposed his uncle, Sher Ali, and was forced into exile in 1869. He was, however, recognized by the British as emir in 1880, and he supported British interests as, for example, against Russia.
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Abd ar-Rahman III
Abd ar-Rahman III, 891-961, Umayyad emir (912-29) and first caliph (929-61) of Córdoba. When he succeeded to the throne, the Spanish emirate was reduced to Córdoba and its environs and beset with tribal warfare. Abd ar-Rahman recovered the lost provinces, consolidated the central government, and created internal peace and prosperity. He built up a strong army and navy and waged war successfully against the Fatimids in N Africa and the Christian kings of León. He made Córdoba one of the greatest cities in the West.

See R. Knapp, Roman Córdoba (1983).

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Abd ar-Rahman I
Abd ar-Rahman I, d. 788, first Umayyad emir of Córdoba (756-88). The only survivor of the Abbasid massacre (750) of his family in Damascus, he fled from Syria and eventually went to Spain. There he defeated (756) the emir of Córdoba at Alameda and seized power. Despite the jealousy of the Arab aristocracy and the turbulence of the Berbers, he reorganized and consolidated the state and tried to unite the various Muslim groups. The great mosque at Córdoba, which Abd ar-Rahman started, was continued by his son and successor, Hisham I.

See R. Collins, Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity (2 vol., 1983-87); S. Lane-Poole, The Moors in Spain (1984); D. Taha Abdulwahid, Muslim Conquest and Settlement of North Africa and Spain (1988).

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Abd ar-Rahman
Abd ar-Rahman, d. 732, Muslim governor of Spain (721-32). Invading Aquitaine in 732, he won a victory over the Franks at Toulouse but was defeated in the battle of Tours by Charles Martel.
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Abd ar-Rahman
Abd ar-Rahman, 1778-1859, sultan of Morocco (1822-59). He sought, unsuccessfully, to take advantage of the overthrow of Turkish rule in Algeria in order to extend his territory. Later he allied himself with the emir, Abd al-Kader, but after their defeat at Isly (1844), he made peace with France and refused the emir further asylum in Morocco. Abd ar-Rahman was at various times involved in difficulties with Austria, Spain, and Great Britain.
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Hārūn al-Rashīd

(born March 763 or February 766, Rayy, Iran—died March 24, 809, Tsubdotūs, Iran) Fifth caliph of the aynAbbāsid dynasty. Neither a great ruler nor a prepossessing character, Hārūn ruled (786–809) at a time when Islamic society reached its zenith in terms of wealth, learning, and power. He is best remembered, however, as a central character in The Thousand and One Nights, where he is portrayed as the epitome of the learned and just ruler. In his early years he was strongly influenced by his mother and by his tutor Yahsubdotyā of the Barmakid line of viziers. He succeeded his brother after the latter's untimely death and ruled over a realm that was torn increasingly by strife, as regional leaders sought autonomy. On his death, his sons al-Mahamzahmun and al-Amīn fell into open civil war.

Learn more about Hārūn al-Rashīd with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
potassium-argon dating

Method for determining the age of igneous rocks based on the amount of argon-40 in the rock. Radioactive potassium-40 decays to argon-40 with a half-life of about 1.3 billion years, making this method useful for dating rocks that are billions of years old. A more sophisticated method, called argon-argon dating, provides a more accurate estimate of the original potassium-40 content by means of the ratio of argon-40 to argon-39 in the rock, thus yielding a more accurate age determination. Seealso dating.

Learn more about potassium-argon dating with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
argon

Chemical element, chemical symbol Ar, atomic number 18. Colourless, odourless, and tasteless, it is the most abundant of the noble gases on Earth and the one most used in industry. It constitutes about 1percnt of air and is obtained by distillation of liquid air. Argon provides an inert gas shield in welding and brazing, in lightbulbs and lasers, in Geiger counters, and in the production and fabrication of certain metals. Because a radioactive form of argon is produced by decay of a naturally occurring radioactive potassium isotope, it can be used to date rocks and samples more than 100,000 years old.

Learn more about argon with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Return of the AR-180.
Jun 01, 2003; Armalite's AR-180 had its origins in the 1960s when the company set out to design a light rifle that was simple to produce....
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Registration of 'AR 839' wheat.(REGISTRATIONS OF CULTIVARS)
Jan 01, 2006; 'AR 839' soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Reg. no. CV-972, PI 634012) was developed by the Arkansas Agricultural...
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Registration of 'AR 910' wheat.(REGISTRATIONS OF CULTIVARS)(Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station)
Mar 01, 2006; 'AR 910' soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Reg. no. CV-981, PI 636470) was developed by the Arkansas Agricultural...
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Armalite's AR-180B
Jan 01, 2006; Patrol Carbine Armalite's AR-180 had its origins in the 1960s when the company set out to design a light rifle that was simple to...
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Byw: Cyrraedd gyda'r post cynta' Gyda thrafnidiaeth gyhoeddus yng nghefn gwlad ar frig yr agenda Non Williams sy'n edrych ar gyfraniad Bws y Post.(Features)
Aug 31, 2002; AR waetha'r ddadl am y ddarpariaeth drafnidiaeth annigonol mewn llawer 'i ardal yng nghefn gwlad Cymru mae nifer o gymunedau wedi...
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