Warren, Charles, 1868-1954, American lawyer and historian, b. Boston. He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1892. An assistant U.S. Attorney General (1914-18), he served as a special master in important cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. He drafted the Espionage Act (1917), which was used to censor and imprison radicals. Warren is noted for his scholarly studies of constitutional history, especially The Supreme Court in United States History (3 vol., 1922; rev. ed., 2 vol., 1926, repr. 1960), which won the Pulitzer Prize. He also wrote Congress, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court (1925, repr. 1969) and The Making of the Constitution (1928, repr. 1967).

Warren, Earl, 1891-1974, American public official and 14th Chief Justice of the United States (1953-69), b. Los Angeles. He graduated from the Univ. of California Law School in 1912. Admitted (1914) to the bar, he practiced in Oakland, Calif., and held several local offices. He served (1939-43) as state attorney general and was governor of California from 1943 to 1953. In 1948 he was the unsuccessful candidate for Vice President on the Republican ticket headed by Thomas E. Dewey. In Oct., 1953, President Eisenhower appointed him Chief Justice to succeed Fred M. Vinson. One of the most dynamic of Chief Justices, Warren led the court toward a number of landmark decisions in the fields of civil rights and individual liberties. Among these were the unanimous 1954 decision, written by Warren, ending segregation in the nation's schools (see Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.); the one man, one vote rulings, which opened the way for legislative and Congressional reapportionment; and decisions in criminal cases guaranteeing the right to counsel and protecting the accused from police abuses. In 1963-64, Warren headed the commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy (see Warren Commission). He retired from the bench in 1969. His public papers were edited by H. M. Christman (1959).

Warren, Gouverneur Kemble, 1830-82, Union general in the American Civil War, b. Cold Spring, N.Y. An army engineer, he assisted in the survey of the Mississippi delta and also engaged in surveying in the West. In the Civil War he commanded a brigade of the Army of the Potomac in the campaigns of 1862, distinguishing himself particularly at Gaines's Mill in the Seven Days battles. In the Gettysburg campaign Warren, who was then chief engineer, saved the Round Tops by promptly diverting troops to their defense, July 2, 1863. He took part in the indecisive operations following Gettysburg and saw action in the Wilderness campaign and in the fighting around Petersburg (1864-65). At Five Forks (Apr. 1, 1865) Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, alleging dilatoriness on Warren's part, removed him from command. Warren made repeated requests for an official examination of Sheridan's charges; soon after his death in 1882, a court of inquiry exonerated him. After the war he continued in the engineers corps. His Account of the 5th Army Corps (1866) is a vindication of his conduct.

Warren, John, 1753-1815, American surgeon, b. Roxbury, Mass.; grad. Harvard, 1771; brother of Joseph Warren. A leading surgeon of his time in New England, he served in the Revolution and was a founder of the medical school at Harvard, where in 1782 he was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery. His son, John Collins Warren, 1778-1856, b. Boston, grad. Harvard (M.D., 1797), taught (1809-47) at Harvard, serving as dean (1816-19) of the medical school. He was a founder of the Massachusetts General Hospital, where he was the first in America to operate on a strangulated hernia and where in 1846 he invited W. T. G. Morton to demonstrate ether anesthesia.

Warren, John Collins: see under Warren, John.

Warren, Joseph, 1741-75, political leader in the American Revolution, b. Roxbury, Mass. A Boston physician, he participated in the agitation against the Stamp Act (1765). He became a member of the Boston Committee of Safety and in 1774 drafted the Suffolk Resolves, advocating forcible resistance to the British; they were endorsed by the Continental Congress. On the night of Apr. 18, 1775, he dispatched William Dawes and Paul Revere to warn Sam Adams and John Hancock that the British were marching on Concord. Warren was killed in the battle of Bunker Hill (1775).

Warren, Josiah, 1798-1874, American reformer and anarchist, b. Boston. An early follower of Robert Owen, he soon rejected Owen's political socialism, advocating instead anarchy based on "the sovereignty of the individual." He founded several "equity" stores, based on the idea of exchanging goods for an equivalent amount of labor and on the principle that cost should be the limit of price. He also established three utopian colonies; the most successful (1851-c.1860) was Modern Times (now Brentwood), Long Island, N.Y. The most important of his publications was True Civilization (1863, 5th ed. 1875).

Warren, J. Robin (John Robin Warren), 1937-, Australian pathologist, grad. Univ. of Adelaide (M.B., B.S., 1961). He spent most of his career (1968-99) as a pathologist at the Royal Perth Hospital. Warren was a co-recipient, with Barry J. Marshall, of the 2005 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori as the cause of gastric ulcers. Working as a pathologist, Warren had observed that these small, curved bacteria were always associated with an inflammation of the lining in the lower part of the stomach. By conducting a study of biopsied tissue, the pair determined that peptic ulcer disease is infectious and not induced by stress and lifestyle as previously was believed. Their discovery led to the treatment of peptic ulcers with antibiotics.

Warren, Mercy Otis, 1728-1814, American writer, b. Barnstable, Mass.; sister of James Otis and wife of James Warren, who was speaker of the Massachusetts house of representatives. An ardent patriot, she conducted a political salon during the pre-Revolutionary days and wrote two satirical plays, The Adulateur (1773) and The Group (1775), against the Tories. Well acquainted with many leaders of the Revolution, she urged, unsuccessfully, that equal rights for women be included in the U.S. Constitution, and outlined her objections to that document as originally drafted in Observations on the New Constitution … by a Columbian Patriot (1788). Many of her criticisms were met by the Bill of Rights and later amendments. Her history of the American Revolution (3 vol., 1805) is still important for factual information as well as for its sketches of contemporary figures.

Warren, Robert Penn, 1905-89, American novelist, poet, and critic, b. Guthrie, Ky., grad. Vanderbilt Univ. 1925; M.A., Univ. of California 1927; B.Litt., Oxford 1930. At Vanderbilt he became associated with John Crowe Ransom and the group of Southern agrarian poets who made the Fugitive (1922-25) an important literary magazine. He was managing editor with Cleanth Brooks of the Southern Review. Warren first gained recognition as a poet. His early verse was much influenced by the metaphysical poets, but his later poetry is simpler and more regional. Among his volumes of poetry are Thirty-six Poems (1935); Brother to Dragons (1953; Pulitzer), a long, dramatic poem; Promises (1957; Pulitzer), Selected Poems: New and Old (1966), Incarnations (1968), Audubon: A Vision (1969), Or Else (1974), and New and Selected Poems 1923-1985 (1985). Warren's most famous novel is All the King's Men (1946; Pulitzer), which concerns the rise to power of a political demagogue resembling Huey Long. Among his other novels are World Enough and Time (1950), The Cave (1959), Wilderness (1961), Flood (1964), Meet Me in the Green Glen (1971), and A Place to Come To (1977). His other works include a collection of short stories, The Circus in the Attic (1948), and Selected Essays (1958). In 1986 he became the first poet laureate of the United States.

Warren, Samuel, 1807-77, English lawyer and author. He wrote many legal texts, Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician (1832), and the extremely popular novel Ten Thousand a Year (1841).

Warren, Whitney, 1864-1943, American architect, b. New York City, studied at the École des Beaux-Arts. He began practice in New York City in 1894. Later he joined with Charles D. Wetmore in a firm that had one of the most extensive practices of its time and was known for the designing of large hotels. Warren and Wetmore's New York works include the Grand Central Terminal (1903-13, built in collaboration with the firm Reed and Stem), the New York Central office building, the Chelsea docks, and the Ritz-Carlton, Biltmore, Commodore, and Ambassador hotels. After World War I they were entrusted with the reconstruction of the historic library of the Univ. of Louvain, Belgium, which had been destroyed by the Germans who again demolished it in 1940.

Warren. 1 City (1990 pop. 144,864), Macomb co., SE Mich., a suburb of Detroit; est. 1837, inc. as a city 1957. It is an important metalworking center where steel is processed. There is tool and die making and the production of automobile parts, although the auto industry has suffered since the late 1970s. Warren's vast Detroit Arsenal, which made military vehicles, closed in 1996. The U.S. Army TACOM Life Cycle Management Command is headquartered in Warren, and the large General Motors Technical Center is also there.

2 City (1990 pop. 50,793), seat of Trumbull co., NE Ohio, in the fertile Mahoning valley; settled 1799, inc. as a city 1905. An early coal center, Warren's industries have greatly diversified. Steel, metal-forming machinery, electrical equipment, lamps, and automobile and truck parts are the principal manufactures. The Trumbull campus of Kent State Univ. is in the city.

3 Borough (1990 pop. 11,122), seat of Warren co., NE Pa., on the Allegheny River; laid out c.1795, inc. 1832. An early lumbering center, Warren is in wooded country near oil and natural gas reserves. There is agriculture (grain, livestock, and dairying), food processing, and the manufacture of metal and plastic products, transportation and electronic equipment, and machinery. The headquarters of Allegheny National Forest are there. Nearby are Edinboro Univ. of Pennsylvania and a Native American reservation.

4 Town (1990 pop. 11,385), Bristol co., E R.I., a suburb of Providence on the Kickemuit River and Narragansett Bay; established as an English trading post in 1632, inc. 1747. An early whaling, shipbuilding, and textile center, it is now an industrial and resort town. Manufactures include automobile equipment, clothing, plastics, and luggage. Many fine old houses and churches survive. Warren was transferred from Massachusetts to Rhode Island in 1746. Brown Univ. was first chartered there (1764) as Rhode Island College. During the American Revolution, Warren was burned (1778) by the British.

Hastings, Warren, 1732-1818, first governor-general of British India. Employed (1750) as a clerk by the East India Company, he soon became manager of a trading post in Bengal. When Calcutta (now Kolkata) was captured (1756) by Siraj-ud-Daula, Hastings was taken prisoner but soon released. After the British recapture (1757) of the city, he was made British resident at Murshidabad. Good service there brought appointment to the Calcutta council (1761), but he returned to England (1764) disgusted with administrative corruption in Bengal.

Hastings went back (1769) to India as a member of the Madras council and became (1772) governor of Bengal, immediately embarking on a course of judicial and financial reform, law codification, and the suppression of banditry, measures that laid the foundation of direct British rule in India. In 1774, he was appointed governor-general of India. This position was created by Lord North's Regulating Act (1773), which also set up a four-member governing council. In the succeeding years Hastings was greatly hampered by opposition in the council, especially from Sir Philip Francis. Another problem he encountered in his new position was the ill-defined relationship with and resulting lack of control over the subordinate provincial governors. The interference of the Bombay government in Maratha affairs led to a war with the Marathas, while the blunders of the Madras government provoked conflict with Haidar Ali of Mysore. In both cases Hastings, conscious of the danger of French intervention, dispatched armies from Bengal that saved the British position. Nonetheless he was criticized for interference with the provincial governments.

Hastings resigned (1784) and returned to England, where he was charged with high crimes and misdemeanors by Edmund Burke and Sir Philip Francis, whom he had wounded in a duel in India. The chief charges against him concerned his extortion of money from the rajah of Benares and the begum of Oudh, his hiring out of British troops to the nawab of Oudh to subdue the Rohillas (a warlike Afghan tribe), and his alleged responsibility for the judicial murder of an Indian merchant, Nandkumar. He was impeached in 1787; but the trial, begun in 1788, ended with acquittal in 1795, despite the bitter prosecution of Burke, Francis, Richard B. Sheridan, and Charles James Fox. Hastings's fortune was spent in the defense, but the East India Company contributed to his later support. He became popular and was made a privy councilor (1814).

Beatty, Warren (Henry Warren Beatty), 1937-, motion picture actor, director, producer, and screenwriter, b. Richmond, Va. An eminently bankable star, the handsome, charismatic, yet oddly elusive leading man made his film debut in Splendor in the Grass (1961). His reputation as a Hollywood Don Juan often overshadowed his considerable talents, which were nonetheless apparent in his next smash hit, Bonnie and Clyde (1967), which he also produced. Among his more notable later movies are Robert Altman's McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971); The Parallax View (1974); the very popular Beatty-produced Shampoo (1975); Heaven Can Wait (1978); the ambitious and romantic saga of the Russian Revolution Reds (1981), for which he won the best-director Oscar; the colossal comedic flop Ishtar (1987); the comic book-like Dick Tracy (1991), costarring Madonna; Bugsy (1991), in which his complex and forceful gangster portrait is perhaps his most effective performance; and another directorial effort, Love Affair (1994), costarring his wife, Annette Bening. Long active in liberal politics, he briefly received media attention in 1999 as a potential presidential hopeful. The actress Shirley MacLaine is his sister.

De la Rue, Warren, 1815-89, British scientist and inventor. Especially noted as an astronomer, he was a pioneer in celestial photography. He adapted the wet-plate process to lunar photography and invented (1858) for Kew Observatory a photoheliograph, the first device to give good solar pictures. His photographs of a solar eclipse in 1860 demonstrated that prominences observed at the sun's edge are of solar origin. De la Rue is known also for his research in chemistry, solar physics, and electrical discharge through gases. His inventions include an envelope-folding machine (1851).

Moon, Warren (Harold Warren Moon, Jr.), 1956-, African-American football player, b. Los Angeles. Moon quarterbacked the Univ. of Washington Huskies to a Rose Bowl title in 1978, but he went undrafted by the National Football League, whose scouts were wary of Washington's rollout offense and an African-American at quarterback. Urged to change positions, Moon instead signed with the Canadian Football League's Edmonton Eskimos. Starting quarterback there from 1980, he led the team to four straight Grey Cup games (1980-3), winning three times (1980-82). Moon joined the NFL's Houston Oilers in 1984, and his all-around skills at quarterback were well displayed in the run-and-shoot offense the Oilers adopted two years later. Moon was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in 1994, and joined the Seattle Seahawks in 1997; he finished his career as a backup quarterback with the Kansas City Chiefs (1999-2001). Moon, a pioneering African American quarterback in the NFL, ranks second in professional football (NFL and CFL combined) career passing yardage (70,553).

Weaver, Warren, 1894-1978, American scientist, b. Reedsburg, Wis., grad. Univ. of Wisconsin. He taught mathematics at Wisconsin (1920-32), was director of the division of natural sciences at the Rockefeller Institute (1932-55), and was science consultant (1947-51), trustee (1954), and vice president (from 1958) at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. Weaver's chief researches were in the problems of communication in science and in the mathematical theory of probability. He was one of the founders of information theory, or communication theory. His writings include the preface to the seminal work in the field, Claude E. Shannon's The Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949).

(born April 24, 1905, Guthrie, Ky., U.S.—died Sept. 15, 1989, Stratton, Vt.) U.S. novelist, poet, and critic. Warren attended Vanderbilt University, where he joined the Fugitives, a group of poets who advocated the agrarian way of life in the South. Later he taught at several colleges and universities and helped found and edit The Southern Review (1935–42), possibly the most influential American literary magazine of the time. His writings often treat moral dilemmas in a South beset by the erosion of its traditional rural values. His best-known novel is All the King's Men (1946, Pulitzer Prize; film, 1949). The short-story volume The Circus in the Attic (1948) contains the notable “Blackberry Winter.” He won Pulitzer prizes for poetry in 1958 and 1979 and became the first U.S. poet laureate in 1986.

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orig. Mercy Otis

(born Sept. 25, 1728, Barnstable, Mass.—died Oct. 19, 1814, Plymouth, Mass., U.S.) U.S. poet, dramatist, and historian. The sister of James Otis, she received no formal education but nevertheless became a woman of letters and a friend and correspondent of leading political figures. She commented on the issues of the day in political satires, plays, and pamphlets. Though a defender of the American Revolution, she opposed the Constitution, arguing that power should rest with the states. Her most significant work, History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution (3 vol., 1805), covered the period from 1765 to 1800.

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(born June 11, 1741, Roxbury, Mass.—died June 17, 1775, Bunker Hill, Mass.) American Revolutionary leader. He was a physician in Boston. He was active in patriot causes after passage of the Stamp Act (1765) and helped draft the Massachusetts colonial grievances called the Suffolk Resolves (1774). As a member of the Massachusetts Committee of Public Safety, he sent Paul Revere on his ride to Lexington. He was made a major general in the Revolutionary army and died in the Battle of Bunker Hill.

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(born March 19, 1891, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.—died July 9, 1974, Washington, D.C.) U.S. jurist and politician. He graduated from law school at the University of California, then served as a county district attorney (1925–39), state attorney general (1939–43), and governor of the state for three terms (1943–53). He was criticized for interning Japanese citizens in camps during World War II. His only electoral defeat came in 1948, when he ran for vice president on the Republican ticket with Thomas Dewey. In 1953 Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Warren chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, a post he held until 1969. This was a period of sweeping changes in U.S. constitutional law. Under his leadership the court proved to be strongly liberal. Among Warren's notable opinions are those in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which held that segration in public education was unconstitutional; Reynolds v. Sims (1964), which declared the “one man, one vote” principle requiring state legislative reapportionment (1964); and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which held that police must inform an arrestee of his right to remain silent and to have counsel present (appointed for him if he is indigent) and that a confession obtained in defiance of these requirements is inadmissible in court. After the assassination of Pres. John F. Kennedy, he chaired the Warren Commission.

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(born Dec. 6, 1732, Churchill, near Daylesford, Oxfordshire, Eng.—died Aug. 22, 1818, Daylesford) British colonial administrator in India. He worked for the English East India Company from 1750, rising to membership in its council in Bengal (1761–64) and Madras (now Chennai; 1769). As governor of Bengal (1772–74), he moved the central government to Calcutta (now Kolkata) under direct British control and remodeled the justice system. In 1774 he acquired the new h1 of governor-general, with responsibilities for supervising other British settlements in India. His powers were shared with a council of four, several of whom tried to blame Hastings for the continuing abuses of power by Englishmen. From 1777 to 1783 he sought to counter the instability created by the fall of the Mughal Empire and tried to maintain peaceful relations with neighbouring states but was drawn into the Maratha Wars. This disrupted the company's trade and antagonized opinion in England, as did several dubious ventures Hastings entered into to raise extra funds. In 1785 he left India at peace and retired to England. In 1786 Edmund Burke introduced an impeachment process against him on charges of corruption; after a trial that lasted from 1788 to 1795, Hastings was acquitted.

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(born Nov. 2, 1865, Caledonia, Ohio, U.S.—died Aug. 2, 1923, San Francisco, Calif.) 29th president of the U.S. (1921–23). He became a newspaper publisher in Marion, Ohio, where he was allied with the Republican Party's political machine. He served successively as state senator (1899–1902), lieutenant governor (1903–04), and U.S. senator (1915–21), supporting conservative policies. At the deadlocked 1920 Republican presidential convention, he was chosen as the compromise candidate. Pledging a “return to normalcy” after World War I, he defeated James Cox with more than 60percnt of the popular vote, the largest margin to that time. On his recommendation, Congress established a budget system for the federal government, passed a high protective tariff, revised wartime taxes, and restricted immigration. His administration convened the Washington Conference (1921–22). His ill-advised cabinet appointments, including Albert Fall as secretary of the interior, led to the Teapot Dome scandal and earned his administration a reputation for corruption. After a vacation in Alaska in mid-June 1923, he arrived in San Francisco reportedly suffering from food poisoning and other ailments; he died there under unclear circumstances. He was succeeded by his vice president, Calvin Coolidge.

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(born April 23, 1921, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.—died Nov. 24, 2003, Broken Arrow, Okla.) U.S. baseball pitcher. Spahn spent most of his career with the Boston (later Milwaukee) Braves (1942, 1946–64). He amassed 2,583 career strikeouts, giving him the third highest total in baseball history when he retired. His feat of winning 20 or more games in each of 13 seasons was also a record, as was his striking out at least 100 batters each year for 17 consecutive seasons (1947–63). His total of 363 wins established a record for left-handers. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973.

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(born Aug. 30, 1930, Omaha, Neb., U.S.) U.S. businessman and investor. He attended the University of Nebraska (B.S., 1950) and Columbia University (M.S., 1951), where he was influenced by professor Benjamin Graham's approach toward value investing—that is, purchasing shares of companies whose stocks are priced below their intrinsic value. Returning to his native Omaha, he turned $105,000 of initial investment in his Buffett Partnership (1956–69) into $105 million by the time of its dissolution. He then began investing in businesses, bought under the umbrella of the textile manufacturer Berkshire Hathaway. He is said to be the first person to have made $1 billion in the stock market. His financial reports are read eagerly by stock-market novices and experts alike for their pithy wisdom.

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(born Sept. 17, 1907, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.—died June 25, 1995, Washington, D.C.) U.S. jurist. He graduated with honours from St. Paul (now William Mitchell) College of Law in 1931, after which he joined a prominent law firm and became active in the Republican Party. He was appointed an assistant U.S. attorney general (1953) and named to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (1955), where his conservative approach commended him to Pres. Richard Nixon, who nominated him for chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1969. Contrary to the expectations of some, he did not try to reverse the liberal decisions on civil-rights issues and criminal law made during the tenure of his predecessor, Earl Warren. Under his leadership, the court upheld the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision, permitted busing as a means of ending racial segregation in public schools, and endorsed the use of racial quotas in the awarding of federal grants and contracts. Burger voted with the majority in Roe v. Wade (1973). Keenly interested in judicial administration, he became deeply involved in efforts to improve the judiciary's efficiency. He retired in 1986 and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988.

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officially President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

(1963–64) Group appointed by Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the circumstances surrounding John F. Kennedy's slaying and the shooting of his assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald. It was chaired by Earl Warren and included two U.S. senators, two U.S. congressmen, and two former public officials. After months of investigation, it reported that Kennedy was killed by Oswald's rifle shots from the Texas School Book Depository and that Oswald's murder by Jack Ruby two days later was not part of a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy. Its findings were later questioned in a number of books and articles and in a special congressional committee report in 1979, though no conclusive contradictory evidence was found.

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(born Aug. 30, 1930, Omaha, Neb., U.S.) U.S. businessman and investor. He attended the University of Nebraska (B.S., 1950) and Columbia University (M.S., 1951), where he was influenced by professor Benjamin Graham's approach toward value investing—that is, purchasing shares of companies whose stocks are priced below their intrinsic value. Returning to his native Omaha, he turned $105,000 of initial investment in his Buffett Partnership (1956–69) into $105 million by the time of its dissolution. He then began investing in businesses, bought under the umbrella of the textile manufacturer Berkshire Hathaway. He is said to be the first person to have made $1 billion in the stock market. His financial reports are read eagerly by stock-market novices and experts alike for their pithy wisdom.

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orig. Henry Warren Beaty

(born March 30, 1937, Richmond, Va., U.S.) U.S. film actor, producer, director, and screenwriter. He studied acting with famed coach Stella Adler in New York and made his film debut in Splendor in the Grass (1961). He later starred in and produced the influential film Bonnie and Clyde (1967). Often cowriting, directing, or producing his own films, he later starred in Shampoo (1975), Heaven Can Wait (1978), Reds (1981, Academy Award for direction), and Bulworth (1998).

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(born March 19, 1883, Palatka, Fla., U.S.—died Oct. 12, 1946, San Francisco, Calif.) U.S. army officer. He graduated from West Point and served in World War I. He studied Chinese and served in Tianjin (1926–29) and as a military attaché in Beijing (1935–39). At the outbreak of World War II, he became chief of staff to Gen. Chiang Kai-shek and commanded Chinese armies in Burma (1939–42). He became commander of U.S. forces in China, Burma, and India and oversaw construction of the Ledo, or Stilwell, Road, a strategic military link with the Burma Road. Promoted to general (1944), he commanded the U.S. 10th Army in the Pacific (1945–46).

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(born April 23, 1921, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.—died Nov. 24, 2003, Broken Arrow, Okla.) U.S. baseball pitcher. Spahn spent most of his career with the Boston (later Milwaukee) Braves (1942, 1946–64). He amassed 2,583 career strikeouts, giving him the third highest total in baseball history when he retired. His feat of winning 20 or more games in each of 13 seasons was also a record, as was his striking out at least 100 batters each year for 17 consecutive seasons (1947–63). His total of 363 wins established a record for left-handers. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973.

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(born April 24, 1905, Guthrie, Ky., U.S.—died Sept. 15, 1989, Stratton, Vt.) U.S. novelist, poet, and critic. Warren attended Vanderbilt University, where he joined the Fugitives, a group of poets who advocated the agrarian way of life in the South. Later he taught at several colleges and universities and helped found and edit The Southern Review (1935–42), possibly the most influential American literary magazine of the time. His writings often treat moral dilemmas in a South beset by the erosion of its traditional rural values. His best-known novel is All the King's Men (1946, Pulitzer Prize; film, 1949). The short-story volume The Circus in the Attic (1948) contains the notable “Blackberry Winter.” He won Pulitzer prizes for poetry in 1958 and 1979 and became the first U.S. poet laureate in 1986.

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orig. Mercy Otis

(born Sept. 25, 1728, Barnstable, Mass.—died Oct. 19, 1814, Plymouth, Mass., U.S.) U.S. poet, dramatist, and historian. The sister of James Otis, she received no formal education but nevertheless became a woman of letters and a friend and correspondent of leading political figures. She commented on the issues of the day in political satires, plays, and pamphlets. Though a defender of the American Revolution, she opposed the Constitution, arguing that power should rest with the states. Her most significant work, History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution (3 vol., 1805), covered the period from 1765 to 1800.

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(born March 19, 1883, Palatka, Fla., U.S.—died Oct. 12, 1946, San Francisco, Calif.) U.S. army officer. He graduated from West Point and served in World War I. He studied Chinese and served in Tianjin (1926–29) and as a military attaché in Beijing (1935–39). At the outbreak of World War II, he became chief of staff to Gen. Chiang Kai-shek and commanded Chinese armies in Burma (1939–42). He became commander of U.S. forces in China, Burma, and India and oversaw construction of the Ledo, or Stilwell, Road, a strategic military link with the Burma Road. Promoted to general (1944), he commanded the U.S. 10th Army in the Pacific (1945–46).

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(born June 11, 1741, Roxbury, Mass.—died June 17, 1775, Bunker Hill, Mass.) American Revolutionary leader. He was a physician in Boston. He was active in patriot causes after passage of the Stamp Act (1765) and helped draft the Massachusetts colonial grievances called the Suffolk Resolves (1774). As a member of the Massachusetts Committee of Public Safety, he sent Paul Revere on his ride to Lexington. He was made a major general in the Revolutionary army and died in the Battle of Bunker Hill.

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(born Dec. 6, 1732, Churchill, near Daylesford, Oxfordshire, Eng.—died Aug. 22, 1818, Daylesford) British colonial administrator in India. He worked for the English East India Company from 1750, rising to membership in its council in Bengal (1761–64) and Madras (now Chennai; 1769). As governor of Bengal (1772–74), he moved the central government to Calcutta (now Kolkata) under direct British control and remodeled the justice system. In 1774 he acquired the new h1 of governor-general, with responsibilities for supervising other British settlements in India. His powers were shared with a council of four, several of whom tried to blame Hastings for the continuing abuses of power by Englishmen. From 1777 to 1783 he sought to counter the instability created by the fall of the Mughal Empire and tried to maintain peaceful relations with neighbouring states but was drawn into the Maratha Wars. This disrupted the company's trade and antagonized opinion in England, as did several dubious ventures Hastings entered into to raise extra funds. In 1785 he left India at peace and retired to England. In 1786 Edmund Burke introduced an impeachment process against him on charges of corruption; after a trial that lasted from 1788 to 1795, Hastings was acquitted.

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(born Nov. 2, 1865, Caledonia, Ohio, U.S.—died Aug. 2, 1923, San Francisco, Calif.) 29th president of the U.S. (1921–23). He became a newspaper publisher in Marion, Ohio, where he was allied with the Republican Party's political machine. He served successively as state senator (1899–1902), lieutenant governor (1903–04), and U.S. senator (1915–21), supporting conservative policies. At the deadlocked 1920 Republican presidential convention, he was chosen as the compromise candidate. Pledging a “return to normalcy” after World War I, he defeated James Cox with more than 60percnt of the popular vote, the largest margin to that time. On his recommendation, Congress established a budget system for the federal government, passed a high protective tariff, revised wartime taxes, and restricted immigration. His administration convened the Washington Conference (1921–22). His ill-advised cabinet appointments, including Albert Fall as secretary of the interior, led to the Teapot Dome scandal and earned his administration a reputation for corruption. After a vacation in Alaska in mid-June 1923, he arrived in San Francisco reportedly suffering from food poisoning and other ailments; he died there under unclear circumstances. He was succeeded by his vice president, Calvin Coolidge.

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(born March 19, 1891, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.—died July 9, 1974, Washington, D.C.) U.S. jurist and politician. He graduated from law school at the University of California, then served as a county district attorney (1925–39), state attorney general (1939–43), and governor of the state for three terms (1943–53). He was criticized for interning Japanese citizens in camps during World War II. His only electoral defeat came in 1948, when he ran for vice president on the Republican ticket with Thomas Dewey. In 1953 Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Warren chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, a post he held until 1969. This was a period of sweeping changes in U.S. constitutional law. Under his leadership the court proved to be strongly liberal. Among Warren's notable opinions are those in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which held that segration in public education was unconstitutional; Reynolds v. Sims (1964), which declared the “one man, one vote” principle requiring state legislative reapportionment (1964); and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which held that police must inform an arrestee of his right to remain silent and to have counsel present (appointed for him if he is indigent) and that a confession obtained in defiance of these requirements is inadmissible in court. After the assassination of Pres. John F. Kennedy, he chaired the Warren Commission.

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(born Sept. 17, 1907, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.—died June 25, 1995, Washington, D.C.) U.S. jurist. He graduated with honours from St. Paul (now William Mitchell) College of Law in 1931, after which he joined a prominent law firm and became active in the Republican Party. He was appointed an assistant U.S. attorney general (1953) and named to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (1955), where his conservative approach commended him to Pres. Richard Nixon, who nominated him for chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1969. Contrary to the expectations of some, he did not try to reverse the liberal decisions on civil-rights issues and criminal law made during the tenure of his predecessor, Earl Warren. Under his leadership, the court upheld the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision, permitted busing as a means of ending racial segregation in public schools, and endorsed the use of racial quotas in the awarding of federal grants and contracts. Burger voted with the majority in Roe v. Wade (1973). Keenly interested in judicial administration, he became deeply involved in efforts to improve the judiciary's efficiency. He retired in 1986 and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988.

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Warren is a city in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 138,247, making Warren the largest city in Macomb County, the third most populous city in Michigan, and Metro Detroit's largest suburb.

The city is home to a wide variety of businesses, including General Motors Technical Center, the United States Army Detroit Arsenal, home of the Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) and the Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC), the National Automotive Center (NAC), and the headquarters of Big Boy Restaurants International, Campbell Ewald, and Asset Acceptance. The current mayor is James R. Fouts, who was elected to his first mayoral term in November 2007.

History

In 1950 Warren was an incorporated village of one square mile within the boundaries of Warren Township, Macomb County, Michigan. It was centered on the corner of Mound Road and Chicago Road. The village had a population of 582 in 1940 and 727 in 1950.

Warren was incorporated as a city in 1957 and consists of what was previously Warren Township, less the city of Center Line. Between 1950 and 1960, Warren's population soared from 42,653 to 89,426. This population explosion was fueled in part by white flight from its southern neighbor of Detroit in that decade. This change in population continued into the next decade when the city's population doubled again. As the community has matured, its population has begun to gradually decline.

Geography

• According to the United States Census Bureau, Warren has a total area of 34.3 square miles (88.9 km²), of which, 34.3 square miles (88.8 km²) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km²) of it is water.
• The city covers a six mile-by-six mile (10 km x 10 km) square in the southwest corner of Macomb County in suburban Detroit. The city of Center Line is entirely enclosed within Warren. Other cities bordering on Warren are Detroit, Hazel Park, Madison Heights, Sterling Heights, Fraser, Roseville, and Eastpointe.

Main highways

Interstate highways

• I-696 cuts east and west through the middle of Warren.

Michigan State Trunklines

• M-53, which is Van Dyke Avenue, and leads into Van Dyke Freeway runs north and south, and (roughly) bisects the city.
• M-97 also known as Groesbeck Highway is near the eastern edge of Warren. It comes north from Detroit, and is a fast and wide diagonal connector to northern Macomb County.
• M-102 more commonly known as Eight Mile Road or more esoterically as Base Line Road is the city's south border.

Unnumbered roads

• Mound Road is an important north-south artery in the city.
• East-west travel is mainly on the mile roads, that is 8 Mile Road on the south (Detroit) border through 14 Mile Road on the north (Sterling Heights) border. See Mile Road System (Detroit).

Demographics

In 2000, there were 138,247 people, 55,551 households, and 36,714 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,556.6/km² (4,031.8/sq mi). There were 57,249 housing units at an average density of 1,669.6/sq mi (644.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.3% White, 2.7% African American, 3.1% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. 1.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

The top six reported ancestries in Warren are Polish (21.0%), German (20.4%), Irish (11.5%), Italian (10.6%), English (7.3%), and French (5.3%).

There were 55,551 households out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.05.

The city’s population was spread out with 22.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $44,626, and the median income for a family was $45,444. Males had a median income of $41,454 versus $28,368 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,407. 7.4% of the population and 5.2% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 9.5% were under the age of 18 and 5.8% were 65 or older.

There are a number of distinguishing characteristics about Warren which render it unique:

• Warren was one of the fastest-growing areas in the country between 1940 and 1970. It had a habit of doubling its population every 10 years: In 1940 the official population of Warren Township was 22,146; in 1950, it was 42,653; in 1960, after Warren Township had become the City of Warren, it was up to 89,240; by 1970 it had grown to 179,274.
• Since 1970, Warren has been consistently one of the faster declining cities in population in the country. The population dropped by 10% during each of the next two decades (1980: 161,060; 1990: 144,864), and continued its downward trend by shedding another 4.6% of its population by 2000.
• Warren’s population is currently one of the oldest among large cities in the U.S. 17.3% of Warren's population was 65 or older at the last census, tied for fifth with Hollywood, FL among cities with 100,000+ population, and indeed the highest ranking city outside of Florida or Hawaii.
• Warren is ranked 1st in the nation for resident longevity. Residents of Warren on average have lived in that community 35.5 years, compared to the national average of 8 years for communities of 100,000+ population.
• Warren had the distinction of being the "whitest" large city as well. In 1970, whites made up 99.5% of its total population of 179,274; only 838 non-whites lived within the city limits. (Fellow Detroit suburb Livonia now holds the distinction of being America's "whitest city" as of the 2000 Census.) Racial integration has come slowly to Warren: the white proportion has dropped only gradually in the past few decades, to 98.2% in 1980, 97.3% in 1990, and 91.3% in 2000. However the 2000 figure for non-Hispanic whites was 90.4%. Warren remains a population center for people of Polish, Lebanese, Ukrainian, Scots-Irish, and Chaldean descent.

The post-1970 population change in Warren has been so pronounced that by 2000 there were 1,026 Filipinos in Warren as well as 1,145 Asian Indians in the city, and 1,559 American Indians. Many of the American Indians in Warren originated in the Southern United States with 429 Cherokee and 66 Lumbee. In fact the Lumbee were the third largest American Indian "tribe" in the city, with only the 193 Chippewa outnumbering them.

Education

Warren is served by six public school districts, with secondary schools including:

• Warren Woods Tower High School
• Cousino High School
• Lincoln High School
• Warren Mott High School
• Warren Fitzgerald High School

Private Schools

• Regina High School (all-girls')
• De La Salle Collegiate High School (all-boys')

Postsecondary institutions

• The south campus of Macomb Community College
• Davenport University
• The Warren Center for Central Michigan University.

Culture and recreation

The public library system comprises four branches, and the city recreation department supports a community center and a recreation center along with a system of 24 parks. The Warren Symphony Orchestra gives several concerts per season. In 2003 the city built a brand new Community Center where the old Warren High School was. It has an auditorium, several gyms and conference rooms, three pools, and the 'Top voted' fitness center in Michigan as of 2006. Also in 2006, Warren Community Center was voted 'The best Community/Recreation Center in Michigan.'

Noteworthy residents (past and present)

• Bruiser Brody (Real name Frank Goodish) Former Pro wrestler was an All-State football and basketball player at Warren High School.
• Alexander Joseph Groesbeck Governor and Attorney General of Michigan was born in Warren.
• Marshall Mathers also known as Eminem attended Warren Lincoln High School from 1986-1989.
• John Smoltz was born in Warren.
• Doug Weight 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics team silver medalist and hockey player for several NHL teams, winner of Stanley Cup with Carolina Hurricanes (born in Warren)

Historical markers

There are nine recognized Michigan historical markers in the city. They are:

• Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant which built a quarter of the Sherman tanks produced by the United States in World War II, and which produced M1 Abrams tank (along with a plant in Lima, Ohio) until 1996.
• Detroit Memorial Park Cemetery. Inventor Elijah McCoy is buried there, as noted on the historical marker.
• Erin - Warren Fractional District No. 2 School
• General Motors Technical Center
• Governor Alexander Joseph Groesbeck
• John Theisen House
• Village of Warren
• Warren Township District No. 4 School
• Warren Union Cemetery

Tenth and eleventh markers are technically in Center Line, Michigan but are included because of their proximity (both in distance and in history) to Warren:

• St. Clements Catholic Church
• St. Clements Catholic Cemetery

References

External links

• City of Warren official site
• Warren Public Library