Soto

Soto, Hernando de: see De Soto, Hernando.

(born circa 1496/97, Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain—died May 21, 1542, along the Mississippi River) Spanish explorer and conquistador. He joined the 1514 expedition of Pedro Arias Dávila (1440–1531) to the West Indies, and in Panama he quickly made his mark as a trader and explorer. By 1520 he had accumulated a small fortune through his slave trading in Nicaragua and on the Isthmus of Panama. He joined Francisco Pizarro on an expedition to conquer Peru in 1532, returning to Spain in 1536 with great wealth. Commissioned by the Spanish crown to conquer what is now Florida, he departed in 1538 in command of 10 ships and 700 men. On that expedition he explored the extensive region that was to become the southeastern U.S. and discovered the Mississippi River for Europeans. Overcome by fever, he died in Louisiana and was buried in the Mississippi River.

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in full Pachuca de Soto

City (pop., 2000: 231,602), capital of Hidalgo state, central Mexico. Founded in 1534, it was one of the first settlements in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. It lies in a rich mining area in the Sierra Madre Oriental, roughly 8,000 ft (2,400 m) above sea level. Its silver mines date from the 16th century, when the Mexican process of separating silver from the ore by amalgamation with mercury was perfected there. Industries include smelting works and metallic-ore reduction plants.

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(born circa 1496/97, Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain—died May 21, 1542, along the Mississippi River) Spanish explorer and conquistador. He joined the 1514 expedition of Pedro Arias Dávila (1440–1531) to the West Indies, and in Panama he quickly made his mark as a trader and explorer. By 1520 he had accumulated a small fortune through his slave trading in Nicaragua and on the Isthmus of Panama. He joined Francisco Pizarro on an expedition to conquer Peru in 1532, returning to Spain in 1536 with great wealth. Commissioned by the Spanish crown to conquer what is now Florida, he departed in 1538 in command of 10 ships and 700 men. On that expedition he explored the extensive region that was to become the southeastern U.S. and discovered the Mississippi River for Europeans. Overcome by fever, he died in Louisiana and was buried in the Mississippi River.

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Uchi-soto in the Japanese language is the distinction between in-groups (uchi, 内, "inside") and out-groups (soto, 外, "outside"). This distinction between groups is not merely a fundamental part of Japanese social custom, but is also directly reflected in the Japanese language itself.

The basic concept revolves around dividing people into in-groups and out-groups. When speaking with someone from an out-group, the out-group must be honored, and the in-group humbled. This is achieved with special features of the Japanese language, which conjugates verbs based on both tense and politeness. It may also include social concepts such as gift giving or serving. The uchi-soto relationship can lead to someone making great personal sacrifices to honor a visitor or other person in an out-group.

One of the complexities of the uchi-soto relationship lies in the fact that groups are not static; they may overlap and change over time and according to situation.

Uchi-soto groups may be conceptualized as a series of overlapping circles. One's position within the group, and relative to other groups, will depend on the context, situation and time of life. For example, a given person will usually have a family, a job, and other groups or organisations to which he or she belongs. His or her position within the various groups and in relation to other groups will change depending upon the position he or she is occupying at a given moment.

Thus, a company employee may occupy a superior position within the specific company, but a humble one in relation to the company's customers. The same employee may hold a black belt, giving him or her a superior position within his or her karate club, but may be a beginner at tennis and thus occupy an inferior position in the tennis club, and so on.

The workplace is a typical example: the employees below a middle manager are in his in-group, and may be spoken to using casual speech, while his bosses, or even, in large companies, people in other departments, are in an out-group, and must be spoken to politely. However, when dealing with someone from another company, one's own entire company is the in-group, and the other company the out-group. Thus, it is acceptable for the middle manager to speak of his own company, even the bosses, in non-honorific speech. This emphasizes that the company is one group, and although that group may have subdivisions inside of itself, it does not include the other company.

For example, when speaking with his subordinates a manager might omit the honorific -san, whereas he would be unlikely to do so when addressing his superiors. On the other hand, when dealing with an outsider—essentially any person not directly connected to the company—he would omit all honorifics when speaking about anyone in the company, including his superiors.

However, if the same manager speaks to a subordinate about his family, he will refer to the subordinate's family, which is the subordinate's in-group but not his, in polite terms, but his own family, which is his in-group but not the subordinate's, in plain language. Thus, the manager and the subordinate would both refer to their own families as kazoku (family) and to the other's family as go-kazoku (honorable family).

In addition to features of the Japanese language, uchi-soto also extends to social actions. For instance, in a Japanese home the most senior family member, usually the father or grandfather, normally takes a bath first; the rest of the family follows in order of seniority. A visitor to the home, however, would be offered the first bath. Similarly, an overnight guest would be offered the best sleeping arrangements, even if this would greatly inconvenience the rest of the family. This latter case is a difficult point for Westerners in Japan, who are usually taught to be polite by refusing accommodations that would inconvenience others.

Foreigners in relation with Uchi-Soto system

Visitors and tourists are universally soto. As a "soto" group, they are treated with respect by the Japanese community.

"Soto" people (ex. foreigners, ethnic minorities) wishing to become "uchi" (i.e. Japanese citizens) face many obstacles. One must appropriate Japanese culture, including language (both indirect and direct forms), prioritizing group cohesion over individual inspirations, conforming to societal expections of one's role, accepting one's place in the country's social hierarchy, etc.

Theoretically, it is possible for a foreigner to become a part of Japanese society. However, in reality it is very difficult for non-Japanese to be accepted as an "uchi" member of Japanese society. In following Japanese customs of collectivism, deciding individually to become a part of a certain group does not mean that one actually is a part of that group. Naturalization does not guarantee inclusion in Japanese society; one must win the consent of the society at large.

Language examples

For detailed information, see Honorific speech in Japanese.

Japanese honorific language ("keigo") is divided into three forms: polite, humble and respectful. Within these forms, there are specific words and prefixes.

For example, the verb "to eat" may be given as

• taberu (plain: "I/we/you/they eat" or "he/she/it eats")
• itadaku (humble, literally "to receive", used to refer to oneself or one's in-group), or
• meshiagaru (respectful, used to refer to one's superior)

and the noun "a drink" may be given as

• nomimono (one's own drink), or
• o-nomimono (someone else's drink)

Nouns involving the family, the household, or familial relations normally take honorific prefixes when denoting an out-group and not when denoting an in-group.

Some nouns change completely for the same reasons, such as chichi and haha ("my father", "my mother") versus o-tō-san and o-kā-san ("your father" and "your mother", and also used when addressing one's own parents respectfully).

See also

• Honne and tatemae