Solow, Robert M.

Solow, Robert M., 1924-, American economist, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., grad. Harvard (B.A. 1947, M.A. 1949, Ph.D. 1951). He began teaching economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1949. Solow also held several governmental positions, including those of senior economist for the Council of Economic Advisers (1961-62) and member of the President's Commission on Income Maintenance (1968-70). His scholarly works are in the fields of employment and growth policies, and the theory of capital. In 1987, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

(born Aug. 23, 1924, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. economist. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University and began teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1949. Solow developed a mathematical model that could show the relative contributions of various factors to sustained national economic growth. He demonstrated that, contrary to traditional economic thinking, the rate of technological progress is more important to growth than capital accumulation or increases in labour. From the 1960s on, his studies were influential in persuading governments to invest in technological research and development. In 1987 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences.

Learn more about Solow, Robert M(erton) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Robert Maynard Pirsig (born September 6, 1928, Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American writer and philosopher, mainly known as the author of the book Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (1974), which has sold millions of copies around the world.

Life

Pirsig was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. His father, Maynard, taught at the University of Minnesota Law School from 1934, and served as Dean from 1948 to 1955 before retiring in 1970. Pirsig's mother, Harriet Marie Pirsig (Sjobeck), is of Swedish origin

Because he was a precocious child, with an IQ of 170 at age 9, Pirsig skipped several grades. In 1943, Pirsig entered the University of Minnesota to study biochemistry. In Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, he described himself as being far from a typical student. He was an idealist of a sort, interested in science as a goal in itself, rather than as a way to establish a career.

While doing biochemical lab work, Pirsig was greatly bothered by the fact that there was always more than one workable hypothesis to explain a given phenomenon, and that the number of such hypotheses seemed almost unlimited. He could not think of any way around this, and to him it seemed that the whole scientific endeavor had been brought to a halt, in some sense. This question so distracted him that he was dismissed from the university for poor grades.

After serving with the U.S. military in Korea, he returned to Minnesota and completed his B.A. in philosophy in 1950. He then attended Banaras Hindu University in India to learn about Eastern philosophy. He also did graduate work in philosophy at the University of Chicago, but did not obtain a degree. His difficult experiences as a student in a course taught by Richard McKeon are described, thinly disguised, in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.

Until the publication of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Pirsig supported himself with freelance work and by teaching freshman English and rhetoric at Montana State University. An emotional and mental breakdown led him to spend part of the period 1960 – 1963 in and out of mental institutions, where he underwent shock therapy.

Pirsig married Nancy Ann James in 1954. They had two children, Chris (1956) and Theodore (1958). Pirsig and James divorced in 1978. Later that year, he married Wendy Kimball.

In 1979, Pirsig's son Chris — who had played an important role in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance — was stabbed to death during a mugging outside the San Francisco Zen Center. Pirsig discusses this incident in an afterword to subsequent editions of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, writing that he and his second spouse, Kimball, decided not to abort the child she conceived in 1980, because he had come to believe that this unborn child was a continuation of the life pattern that Chris had occupied. This child is Pirsig's daughter, Nell.

Pirsig avoids the public eye. He travels around the Atlantic by boat, and has resided in Norway, Sweden, Belgium, England, and in various places around the U.S.

Published material

Pirsig's work consists almost entirely of two books. Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance sets out Pirsig's interpretation of "Quality" and "the Good." It is mostly a first person narrative of a motorcycle trip across North America undertaken with some friends and his son Chris.

Pirsig's publisher's recommendation to his Board ended with "This book is brilliant beyond belief, it is probably a work of genius, and will, I'll wager, attain classic stature." In his book review, George Steiner compared Pirsig's writing to Dostoevsky, Broch, Proust, and Bergson, stating that "the assertion itself is valid... the analogies with Moby-Dick are patent". The Times Literary Supplement called it "Profoundly important, Disturbing, Deeply moving, Full of insights, A wonderful book".

In 1974, Pirsig was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to allow him to write a follow-up, Lila: An Inquiry into Morals (1991), in which he elaborates and focuses on a value-based metaphysics, called Metaphysics of Quality, to replace the subject-object view of reality.

Metaphysics of Quality

In 2005, Dr. Anthony McWatt at Liverpool University, England, organized the first conference on Robert Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality. At the same time, Liverpool awarded McWatt the first PhD specifically concerned with the subject.

Notes

External links

• Pirsig bio from the American Society of Authors and Writers.
• Timeline of Pirsig's life.
• Metaphysics of Quality page.
• Perceptions of Quality with LILA'S CHILD link.
• robertpirsig.org Papers on the Metaphysics of Quality.
• Design and Science — A website on the relation between Design and Science, using the MOQ. With references.
• Proceedings of 2005 conference at the University of Liverpool, devoted to Pirsig's work.
• Robert M. Pirsig & Quality
• Lila Squad - Booklist
• Lila.
• Photographs from Pirsig's 1968 trip upon which Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance is based.
• Photograph of Pirsig and the motorcycle he rode in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
• Aerial View of Pirsig's route, including texts, audio and books.
• ZAMM Travel Route.
• NPR interviews with Pirsig: Audio: 1974 and Audio: 1992.
• 2005 interview on MoQ.
• Interview in the Observer (UK), 19 November 2006: Short version and Long version.
• ZENRIDE.com 2 Germans re-travelling the Pirsig tour in 2004; incl. Travellogbook and many pictures
• Audio excerpt from BBC radio program about cult books.