Secret Service, United States

Secret Service, United States, a law enforcement division (since 2003) of the Dept. of Homeland Security. It was established in 1865 in the the Dept. of the Treasury to investigate and prevent counterfeiting of currency, officially becoming a distinct organization within the department in 1883. The Secret Service enforces federal laws relating to currency, coins, obligations, and the securities of the United States and foreign governments, including forgery and fraudulent electronic transfer. After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, the force was charged with protecting the president. This protection was later extended to the members of the immediate families of the president, vice president, president-elect, and vice president-elect; major presidential and vice presidential candidates; former presidents and their spouses; widows of former presidents until their death or remarriage; minor children of a former president; and visiting heads of state.

See study by J. Bamford (1983).

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press

Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service

Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service, 36 F.3d 457 (1994), sprang from a raid by the United States Secret Service on the Austin headquarters of Steve Jackson Games in 1990. This raid is often attributed to Operation Sundevil, a nation-wide crackdown on ‘illegal computer hacking activities’, although SJ Games and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) claim otherwise.

Steve Jackson Games was raided ostensibly because Loyd Blankenship, who was writing the role playing game supplement GURPS Cyberpunk for the company, was a target of a crackdown. Blankenship, known in hacking circles as The Mentor, was a former member of the Legion of Doom hacker group. He had run a BBS from his home called The Phoenix Project, which had helped distribute the popular underground ezine Phrack. Phrack published the contents of a text file, stolen from BellSouth, containing information about the E911 emergency response system. The file only contained administrative contact information, and Bell South later had to admit in court that they sold copies to the public for $13. However, the government agents feared that the stolen document could be used to teach crackers how to compromise the vital E911 system (a claim that is disputed due to the non-technical nature of the document), and Bell South claimed that the dissemination of the data caused thousands of dollars in monetary damages.

The raid

On March 1, 1990, a group of Secret Service agents led by Timothy Foley, Austin police and Henry M. Kluepfel, from Southwestern Bell, raided the offices of Steve Jackson Games and the home of Loyd Blankenship with an unsigned search warrant. They were searching for computer equipment and documentation on computer hacking. Among the things taken were four computers, two laser printers, a pocket calculator, assorted hard disks and a large amount of computer hardware. The computers taken were those with the GURPS Cyberpunk sourcebook files, the manuscript to the GURPS supplement "The Scarlet Pimpernel", company e-mail and records, and the computer running the Illuminati BBS. The agents cut off locks, forced open footlockers, tore up cardboard boxes and bent two letter openers trying to pick the lock of an office file cabinet - this despite the fact that (according to Jackson's testimony) staffers were offering the agents the keys at the time. The E911 document was not found on the premises.

Striving for secrecy during the ongoing operation, the investigators were reluctant to release information about the E911 document that their investigation was focused on. So when Steve Jackson and his lawyers demanded answers from the Secret Service, the investigators allegedly claimed that the GURPS Cyberpunk manuscript was a "handbook for computer crime".

Aftermath

Despite—or perhaps due to—the absurdity of this notion, word quickly spread throughout the role-playing, science fiction and hacker communities that the government had raided Steve Jackson Games because it feared that GURPS Cyberpunk contained instructions for cracking real computers, rather than game rules for pretending to crack fictional computers. The raid was often referred to as "The Cyberpunk Bust", and while the investigators remained silent, the rapidly spreading rumor suggested that the government was ignorant and naive in regard to computer technology.

Whether the Secret Service investigators actually targeted the GURPS Cyberpunk sourcebook is uncertain. They had undoubtedly read messages about the upcoming book while monitoring Blankenship's BBS, and later court rulings concluded that they had no reasonable basis to suspect that the company possessed the E911 document. Therefore, some suggest that the game manual might have actually been one of the intended targets of the raid, rather than just an excuse concocted after the fact.

Steve Jackson was promised by the Secret Service that the next day he could come back and make copies of the files that were taken. He went with an attorney and was able to copy only a small part of the confiscated files. Over the course of a couple of weeks the Steve Jackson Games attorney was assured by the Secret Service that the files would be returned "tomorrow".

On March 26 1990, more of the files were returned. Finally, most of the files were returned on June 21 1990. The Secret Service kept one company hard disk, all Blankenship's personal equipment and files, the printouts of GURPS Cyberpunk, and several other items.

The raid motivated the formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Steve Jackson and the EFF successfully sued the Secret Service for violating the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) by confiscating the company's private electronic communications.

Trial

In 1993, Steve Jackson Games vs. The Secret Service finally came to trial. Steve Jackson Games was represented by the Austin firm of George, Donaldson & Ford. The lead counsel was Pete Kennedy. Steve Jackson Games won two out of the three counts. Steve Jackson Games was awarded US$50,000 in damages and US$250,000 in attorney's fees. The third count dealing with interception of e-mail was turned down in October 1994 by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. The judge also reprimanded the Secret Service, calling their warrant preparation "sloppy", suggesting that they needed "better education" regarding relevant statutes, and finding that they had no basis to suspect Steve Jackson Games of any wrongdoing.

Operation Sundevil, which spanned two years, has a tarnished image due to lack of successful prosecutions and questionable procedures. The overshadowing rumors surrounding the confiscation of the GURPS Cyberpunk sourcebook added embarrassment for the government, fueled paranoia among the hacker community, and created a lasting legend in hacker culture. To this day, the GURPS Cyberpunk book lists "Unsolicited Comments: The United States Secret Service" on its credits page.