Rubinstein

Rubinstein, Anton Grigoryevich, 1829-94, Russian pianist, composer, and educator. As a piano virtuoso he was celebrated for his perfect technique and emotional power, and was rivaled only by Liszt. He made his debut in Moscow at nine and later performed in Europe, where he won the admiration of Mendelssohn, Chopin, and Liszt. In 1872, Rubinstein founded the St. Petersburg Conservatory and was its director (1862-67, 1887-91). During 1872-73 he made a triumphant tour of the United States. He was once highly esteemed as a composer, but little of his music is performed today. His brother, Nicholas Grigoryevich Rubinstein, 1835-81, also a brilliant pianist and teacher, founded (1864) the Moscow Conservatory, which he headed for the rest of his life.

Rubinstein, Arthur, 1887-1983, Polish-American pianist, b. Łódź. Rubinstein studied in Warsaw and Berlin, making his debut in 1900 with the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Joachim. He first played in the United States in 1906, achieving great acclaim there in 1937, especially for his superb lyric interpretations of Chopin's music and his ardent championship of Spanish works. Rubinstein's enormous popularity spanned many decades.

(born Nov. 28, 1829, Vykhvatinets, Podolia province, Russia—died Nov. 20, 1894, Peterhof) Russian composer and pianist. Touring as a piano virtuoso, he met Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt in Paris and Giacomo Meyerbeer in Berlin. After several years of study, in 1848 he settled in St. Petersburg, where in 1862 he founded the St. Petersburg Conservatory and thereafter devoted much energy to improving the quality of Russian musical education. His once popular compositions, including six symphonies, five piano concertos, and many chamber works and piano pieces (including “Melody in F”) have largely disappeared from the repertoire. His brother Nicolay (1835–81), also a famous pianist and teacher, founded the Moscow Conservatory in the 1860s.

Learn more about Rubinstein, Anton (Grigoryevich) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Nov. 28, 1829, Vykhvatinets, Podolia province, Russia—died Nov. 20, 1894, Peterhof) Russian composer and pianist. Touring as a piano virtuoso, he met Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt in Paris and Giacomo Meyerbeer in Berlin. After several years of study, in 1848 he settled in St. Petersburg, where in 1862 he founded the St. Petersburg Conservatory and thereafter devoted much energy to improving the quality of Russian musical education. His once popular compositions, including six symphonies, five piano concertos, and many chamber works and piano pieces (including “Melody in F”) have largely disappeared from the repertoire. His brother Nicolay (1835–81), also a famous pianist and teacher, founded the Moscow Conservatory in the 1860s.

Learn more about Rubinstein, Anton (Grigoryevich) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (also known as Broad Thumb-Hallux syndrome) is a condition characterized by short stature, moderate to severe mental retardation, distinctive facial features, and broad thumbs and first toes. Other features of the disorder vary among affected individuals. People with this condition have an increased risk of developing noncancerous and cancerous tumors, leukemia, and lymphoma. This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and is uncommon, occurring in an estimated 1 in 125,000 births.

Features of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome

A case was described in 1957 by Michail, Matsoukas and Theodorou. In 1963 Jack H. Rubinstein and Hooshang Taybi described a larger series of cases.

Typical features of the disorder include:

• Broad thumbs and broad first toes
• Mental disability
• Small height, bone growth, small head
• Cryptorchidism in males
• Unusual faces involving the eyes, nose, and palate

1 out of 300,000 children are born with RTS

Genetics

Mutations in the CREBBP gene cause Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. The CREBBP gene makes a protein that helps control the activity of many other genes. The protein, called CREB binding protein, plays an important role in regulating cell growth and division and is essential for normal fetal development. If one copy of the CREBBP gene is deleted or mutated, cells make only half of the normal amount of CREB binding protein. A reduction in the amount of this protein disrupts normal development before and after birth, leading to the signs and symptoms of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.

Mutations in the EP300 gene are responsible for a small percentage of cases of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. These mutations result in the loss of one copy of the gene in each cell, which reduces the amount of p300 protein by half. Some mutations lead to the production of a very short, nonfunctional version of the p300 protein, while others prevent one copy of the gene from making any protein at all. Although researchers do not know how a reduction in the amount of p300 protein leads to the specific features of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, it is clear that the loss of one copy of the EP300 gene disrupts normal development.

References

External links

• RTS - Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome - A site devoted to the families and people diagnosed with Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome.
• RTS - Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome Argentina - RTS Argentina - www.rubinsteintaybi.com.ar - Grupo de Apoyo - Historias.-
• History of RTS by J.H. Rubinstein.