William, prince of Wied, 1876-1945, mpret [ruler] of Albania (1914), third son of William, prince of Wied, nephew of Elizabeth of Romania. A German army officer, he was selected by the great powers of Europe, with consent of the Albanians, to be ruler of the independent Albania that was created after the Balkan Wars. Civil war soon made his position untenable, and he had no support among the large powers. The coming of World War I broke down all foreign aid. A rebellion under Essad Pasha was successful, and in Sept., 1914, William was forced to retire, although he refused to abdicate.

Troubetzkoy, Paul, Prince, 1866-1938, Russian sculptor, b. Italy. The son of a Russian nobleman and an American woman, Troubetzkoy worked in Russia, France, Italy, and the United States. His sculpture was influenced by the impressionism of Rodin. Troubetzkoy's finest portraits and animal sculptures date from the early 1900s. Among his illustrious sitters were Tolstoy, Rodin, Anatole France, and George Bernard Shaw. An equestrian portrait is in the Detroit Institute of Arts, and other works are in many major collections.

Souvanna Phouma, Prince, 1901-84, government official of Laos. Of royal descent, he was trained as an engineer. From 1950 he held a variety of key government posts, including the premiership (1951-54, 1956-58, and 1960). Caught between U.S. and Vietnamese attempts to control Laos from 1954-75, he attempted to foster compromise. He led the neutralist government from 1960 to 1962, and after the Geneva Conference on Laos he assumed (1962) the offices of prime minister and minister of defense in the short-lived coalition with the Communist Pathet Lao. Continuing as premier, he later took on additional cabinet posts. In 1973, despite right-wing opposition, he signed an agreement to end fighting between government and Communist Pathet Lao troops. Continuing as premier, he later took on additional cabinet posts. In 1974 he formed a new coalition government with the Pathet Lao, in which his half brother Souphanouvong, leader of the Pathet Lao, was included. He retired after the 1975 takeover by the Pathet Lao, although he remained an adviser to the new government.

Souphanouvong, Prince, 1909-95, Laotian government official; half brother of Prince Souvanna Phouma. Although a member of Laos's royal family, he was an active nationalist and fought the French as a member of the pro-Communist Pathet Lao. After Laos gained independence, he joined (1958) a coalition cabinet. Arrested after rightists took power in 1959, he escaped in 1960 to lead the Pathet Lao forces in opposition. He was a Pathet Lao delegate to the Geneva Conference on Laos (1961-62), and in the resulting coalition government he was vice premier and minister of economic planning. When the coalition fell to renewed fighting (1963), Souphanouvong rejoined the Pathet Lao. In 1973, an agreement was reached with Souvanna Phouma ending the fighting, and a new coalition government was formed (1974) with Souphanouvong heading an advisory body. When the Pathet Lao came to power as a result of the North Vietnamese victory in Vietnam in 1975, Souphanouvong became president of Laos. He resigned in 1986.

Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, Prince, 1886-1934, son of Robert, last duke of Parma. While serving as an officer in the Belgian army, he was the intermediary for his brother-in-law, Emperor Charles I of Austria-Hungary, in Charles's secret attempt to negotiate peace with the Allies in 1917. The effort came to nothing, but in Apr., 1918, the French government, in retaliation for attacks made by the Austrian foreign minister Czernin, published a letter written by Charles to Sixtus. The letter justified French claims to Alsace-Lorraine, and its publication caused acute embarrassment to the Austrian government.

Savoy, Prince Eugene of: see Eugene of Savoy.

Saionji, Kimmochi, Prince, 1850-1940, Japanese statesman. He took part in the Meiji restoration, then spent 10 years in France, absorbing many democratic ideas. In 1882 he accompanied his friend and patron, Prince Ito, to Europe to study foreign governments. He served in several cabinets under Ito and was president of the privy council (1900-1903). He succeeded Ito as president of the Seiyukai party in 1903 and, as Ito's protégé, was prime minister (1906-8, 1911-12). He retired from party politics in 1914 and refused to form a cabinet in 1918, but in 1919 he headed the delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. As a genro [elder statesman] he continued to enjoy tremendous prestige and influence until his death. He escaped assassination in the military coup of Feb., 1936.

Rupert, Prince, 1619-82, count palatine of the Rhine. Born in Prague, he was the son of Frederick the Winter King, elector palatine and king of Bohemia, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England. Rupert grew up in the Netherlands and studied at Leiden. Active in the later part of the Thirty Years War against the Holy Roman Empire, he was at the siege of Breda (1637) and was taken prisoner (1638). Released in 1641, he went to the aid of his uncle, King Charles I of England, in the civil wars. Despite his youth Rupert became an outstanding royalist general. His cavalry was generally successful, and he was created earl of Holderness and duke of Cumberland. Despite his defeat at Marston Moor (1644) he was made a general of the king's army. However, Rupert's support of peace proposals and his surrender of Bristol (1645) to Sir Thomas Fairfax resulted in his dismissal by the king, and in 1646 he was ordered to leave England. He went to France, soon became reconciled with Charles, and commanded a fleet assisting the king's forces in Ireland. After the triumph of Parliament over the monarchy, Rupert went (1654) to Germany, where he remained until the Restoration of the Stuart kings under Charles II (1660). Returning to England, he became a privy councillor to Charles II, and, as an admiral, played an important part in the Dutch Wars. A man of many artistic and scientific interests, Rupert also took part in colonial and commercial schemes, notably in the ventures of the Hudson's Bay Company.

Rohan, Louis René Édouard, prince de, 1734-1803, French churchman and politician, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Although he succeeded (1779) his uncle as archbishop of Strasbourg, he spent most of his career in Paris. As French ambassador to Vienna (1772) he aroused the dislike of Empress Maria Theresa. In France, his anti-Austrian attitude earned him the hostility of her daughter, the French queen Marie Antoinette. It was apparently in a desire to curry favor with the queen that he became involved in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace. For his inglorious part in this he was acquitted of guilt (1786) but lost his office of grand almoner and was banished from Paris. He was elected to the States-General (1789), refused to sign the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1791), and emigrated.

Prince, Thomas, 1600-1673: see Prence, Thomas.

Prince, Thomas, 1687-1758, American clergyman, scholar, and historian, b. Sandwich, Mass., grad. Harvard, 1709. From 1709 to 1717 he was abroad; he studied in London and preached at a Congregationalist chapel in Suffolk. Returning (1717) to Massachusetts, he became copastor (1718) of Old South Church in Boston, a position he held until his death. He bequeathed to his church his large and excellent library; during the British occupation of Boston, some of the volumes were destroyed, but the many books and manuscripts that were preserved are now in the Boston Public Library. Prince published a number of sermons, A Vade Mecum for America: A Companion for Traders and Travelers (1732), and Psalms, Hymns & Spiritual Songs … the New England Psalm-Book Revised and Improved (1758), but he is best remembered for his informative Chronological History of New England (Vol. I, 1736; Vol. II entitled Annals of New England, 1755). Designed by its author to cover the years 1602 to 1730, the annals are carried only to Aug. 5, 1633. An edition of his history published in 1852 has a memoir of Prince by S. G. Drake.

Prince, Morton, 1854-1929, American physician, b. Boston, M.D. Harvard, 1879. He specialized in neurology and abnormal psychology as a physician in Boston and as a teacher at Tufts (1902-12) and Harvard (1926-28). Founder (1906) and editor of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, he was a leading investigator of the pathology of mental disorders. Prince also founded (1927) and directed the Harvard Psychological Clinic, where he was succeeded by his assistant Henry A. Murray. His writings include The Dissociation of a Personality (1906), and The Unconscious (1914).

Prince, Hal (Harold Smith Prince), 1928-, American theatrical producer and director, b. New York City. After working as an assistant stage manager, Prince became at 26 the coproducer of Pajama Game, a major Broadway musical of 1954. He followed this with many more successful productions, including Damn Yankees (1955), West Side Story (1957), Fiorello! (1961), and Fiddler on the Roof (1964). Among the shows that he has both produced and directed in collaboration with Stephen Sondheim are Follies (1971), A Little Night Music (1973), and Sweeney Todd (1979). He also directed Phantom of the Opera (1986) and Parade (1998).

Prince of Wales, Cape, at the tip of the Seward Peninsula, NW Alaska, on the Bering Strait; westernmost point of North America. Cape Dezhnev, Siberia, is only 55 mi (89 km) to the west.

Prince of Wales Island, c.12,800 sq mi (33,150 sq km), Nunavut Territory, Canada, between Victoria and Somerset islands. The low tundra-covered island has an irregular coastline and is deeply indented by Ommanney Bay and Browne Bay.

Prince of Wales Island, 2,231 sq mi (5,778 sq km), off SE Alaska; largest island of the Alexander Archipelago. The island is heavily forested, but has little arable land, no source of freshwater, and no available areas for ship docking. Many of the islanders left when the pearl-shell industry, once profitable, declined after the 1950s.

Prince William Sound, large, irregular, islanded inlet of the Gulf of Alaska, S Alaska, E of the Kenai peninsula. It has many bays and good harbors; the large Columbia Glacier flows into Columbia Bay, in the N central portion. Shipping is focused at the port of Valdez, which is the southern terminus of the trans-Alaskan pipeline linked to Prudhoe Bay. Access to the interior of the sound is by highway and railroad. Fishing, forestry, and some mining are prevalent activities in the area. Valdez and Cordova are the largest towns on the sound. On Mar. 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef nearby and spilled 11 million gallons of oil into Prince William Sound. Clean-up efforts ensued; however, much of the region's wildlife was killed or endangered as a result of the environmental disaster.

Prince William Forest Park: see National Parks and Monuments (table).

Prince Rupert, city (1991 pop. 16,620), W British Columbia, Canada, on Kaien Island, in Chatham Sound near the mouth of the Skeena River, S of the Alaska border. A railroad and highway terminus and an ice-free port, it serves the mining, lumber, and agricultural areas of central and W British Columbia. It is a major fish-processing center, and there are wood-processing plants. The city's growth dates from the arrival (1914) of the railroad. During World War II the city was a major supply base for U.S. forces in Alaska.

Prince George, city (1991 pop. 69,653), central British Columbia, Canada, at the confluence of the Fraser and Nechako rivers. It is a railroad division point and a distribution center for a lumber region. There are sawmills, pulp mills, chemical plants, and an oil refinery. In 1807, Simon Fraser of the North West Company established on the site the fur-trading post of Fort George, which was taken over (1821) by the Hudson's Bay Company. Settlement began c.1910 with the building of a railroad via Fort George to Prince Rupert, and in 1915 the city was incorporated and the name was changed.

Prince Edward Island, University of, at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; provincially supported; coeducational; founded 1969 with the merger of Prince of Wales College (est. 1834) and St. Dunstan's Univ. (est. 1855). It has faculties of arts, sciences, business administration, education, and veterinary medicine.

Prince Edward Island National Park, 7 sq mi (18 sq km), NW P.E.I., Canada, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence; est. 1937. It extends 25 mi (40 km) along the coast and contains sand dunes, cliffs, salt marshes, and bathing beaches.

Prince Edward Island, province (2001 pop. 135,294), 2,184 sq mi (5,657 sq km), E Canada, off N.B. and N.S.

Geography

One of the Maritime Provinces, Prince Edward Island lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is separated on the S from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick by the Northumberland Strait, which is crossed by the Confederation Bridge (1997). It is Canada's smallest province but also has Canada's highest population density. The generally low, level island is c.140 mi (225 km) long and 5 to 35 mi (8-56 km) wide. Sandy beaches line the deeply indented north shore, and much of this popular resort spot is now Prince Edward Island National Park (est. 1937). Low red sandstone cliffs rim the south shores, and the tides reach to the headwaters of the island's short rivers.

With its fertile and distinctive red soil and its agreeable climate, the island has become known as the Garden of the Gulf. About 90% of the land is arable. The capital is Charlottetown.

Economy and Higher Education

Agriculture and fishing have long dominated the economy. Since earliest settlement, fishing has been important, yielding an abundance of lobsters, oysters, halibut, mackerel, and herring. Livestock, fruit, and vegetables are produced, and potatoes are exported.

Because of the lack of raw materials and cheap sources of power, manufacturing is largely limited to food processing, such as the making of butter and cheese and the canning of pork and lobsters. There has been little diversification of the economy, but the tourist industry has grown. Sites and events associated with Anne of Green Gables, the story by islander Lucy Maud Montgomery, draw many visitors, and the Confederation Bridge is expected to greatly increase tourism.

The Univ. of Prince Edward Island is at Charlottetown.

History and Politics

The Micmac lived on the island before Europeans arrived. Jacques Cartier wrote enthusiastically about it after landing there in 1534. Samuel de Champlain named it Île St. Jean in 1603, and it was known by that name (or Isle St. John) until 1799, when it was renamed after Edward, duke of Kent, who later fathered Queen Victoria. The first permanent settlement was made by the French in 1719 near present-day Charlottetown, but the British gained control under the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Many French settlers were deported by the British (see Acadia), but others remained; their descendants still live here. In 1803, Lord Selkirk's first colony of impoverished Scots settled here; persons of Scottish extraction now constitute about one third of the inhabitants.

In 1763, Prince Edward Island was annexed to Nova Scotia, but it became a separate colony in 1769. Responsible, or cabinet, government was granted in 1851. In 1864 delegates from the Maritime Provinces met in Charlottetown to discuss union—the first step toward forming the Canadian confederation, which was achieved in 1867. However, Prince Edward Island did not join the confederation until 1873. Throughout the 20th cent. the island's economy was relatively stable, although lack of energy and technology caused it to lag behind the rest of Canada.

The Progressive Conservatives (or Conservatives) and the Liberals are the only parties to have formed provincial governments since 1873. In 1993, Catherine Callbeck, who led the Liberals to a sweep, became Canada's first female provincial premier. Progressive Conservative Patrick Binns became premier in 1996 and was returned to office in 2000 and 2003. In 2007 the Liberals won a majority, and Robert Ghiz became premier. The province sends 4 senators and 4 representatives to the national parliament.

Prince Albert National Park, 1,496 sq mi (3,875 sq km), central Sask., Canada, NW of Prince Albert, in a forested area; est. 1927. The numerous streams and lakes afford excellent fishing and canoeing. The park is a sanctuary for moose, elk, deer, caribou, bear, pelicans, and double-crested cormorants. Administration and tourist headquarters are at Waskesiu, on Lake Waskesiu.

Prince Albert, city (1991 pop. 34,181), central Sask., Canada, on the North Saskatchewan River. Prince Albert is a commercial and distribution center for a lumbering, gold- and uranium-mining, and mixed-farming area. There are wood-products and meatpacking industries. It was founded in 1866 as a Presbyterian mission to the Cree. It is the gateway to Prince Albert National Park, to the northwest. The city is the seat of Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals and headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for central and N Saskatchewan, as well as the site of the provincial penitentiary.

Pozharski, Dmitri Mikhailovich, Prince, 1578-1642, Russian hero. During the "Time of Troubles" (1598-1613), when various pretenders vied for the Russian throne, he fought against the Poles, who, taking advantage of unstable political conditions, had invaded Russia. In 1611 he took command of a national militia formed on the initiative of the merchant Kuzma Minin of Nizhny Novgorod. With his improvised army he marched on Moscow (1612) and drove out the Poles, ending the effort of King Sigismund III to subjugate Russia. Pozharski summoned a representative assembly, which in 1613 elected Michael Romanov czar.

Port-au-Prince, city (1995 est. pop. 846,200), capital of Haiti, SW Haiti, on a bay at the end of the Gulf of Gonaïves. The country's chief seaport, it exports mainly coffee and sugar. The city has food-processing plants; soap, textile, and cement industries; and other light manufacturing. It was founded in 1749 by French sugar planters. In 1770, it replaced Cap-Haïtien as capital of the French colony of Saint-Domingue (as Haiti was then known), and in 1804 it became the capital of newly independent Haiti. Port-au-Prince has remained unsanitary and economically backward, however, and has suffered frequently from earthquakes, fires, and civil warfare. The city is laid out like an amphitheater, with business and commercial quarters along the water and residences on the hills above. Landmarks include the French-built quay (1780), the Univ. of Haiti, the National Palace, the National Museum, and the Basilica of Notre Dame.

Poniatowski, Józef Anton, Prince, 1763-1813, Polish general and marshal of France; nephew of Stanislaus II. He fought (1792) the Russians in the campaign preceding the second Polish partition and in the insurrection led (1794) by Thaddeus Kosciusko. He became minister of war of the grand duchy of Warsaw set up by Napoleon I and in 1809 led the Polish troops in Napoleon's campaign against Austria. He again commanded under Napoleon in the Russian campaign of 1812. In the battle of Leipzig he covered the withdrawal of the French troops; then, cut off from aid, he plunged his mount into a river and was drowned.

Polignac, Jules Armand, prince de, 1780-1847, French statesman. Belonging to one of the oldest families of France, he emigrated with them during the French Revolution. Under Napoleon I he was imprisoned (1804-14) for his part in the conspiracy of Georges Cadoudal. In 1815, Louis XVIII named him a peer of France. He served as ambassador to England from 1823 to 1829. A champion and leader of the ultraroyalists in the reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X, Polignac was strongly clerical, even refusing to take the oath to the constitutional charter on religious grounds. He became minister of foreign affairs and premier in Aug., 1829, and by his reactionary measures precipitated the July Revolution of 1830. In Mar., 1830, a majority of the chamber of deputies demanded the dismissal of the Polignac ministry. Instead, the chamber was dissolved, and when the new elections again resulted in a liberal majority, Polignac issued (July 26, 1830) the July Ordinances, which dissolved the new chamber even before it met, established a new electoral law, and ended the freedom of the press. The revolution broke out immediately. Polignac was arrested and condemned by the chamber of peers to life imprisonment. Amnestied in 1836, he was banished and went to England. He returned in 1845. He wrote Considérations politiques (1832, tr. 1832), Études historiques, politiques et morales (1845), and Réponse à mes adversaires (1845).

Philip, Prince: see Edinburgh, Prince Philip Mountbatten, duke of.

Orléans, Henri Philippe Marie, prince d', 1867-1901, French explorer and author, b. England; son of Robert, duke of Chartres. After a journey (1889) from Siberia to Siam, by way of Tibet, and a visit (1892) to SE Africa, he left (1895) Hanoi to complete the earlier work of M. J. F. Garnier on the Mekong River in Indochina. He traveled as far as the Brahmaputra, established the fact that the Thanlwin (Salween) originates in Tibet (now in China), and also discovered the source of the Ayeyarwady. His accounts of his travels include Around Tonkin and Siam (1894, tr. 1894) and From Tonkin to India (1897, tr. 1898).

Menshikov, Aleksandr Danilovich, Prince, 1672?-1729, Russian field marshal and statesman. Of lowly origin, he became an intimate companion of Peter I (Peter the Great), and after the death of François Lefort (1699) he was the czar's chief adviser. Despite his vices, Menshikov proved an able military commander and was created prince and later field marshal. Menshikov was successively governor of Schlüsselburg, St. Petersburg, and Estonia. He energetically carried out Peter's reforms, but he was notorious for his financial misdeeds. Peter's second wife, Catherine (see Catherine I), had previously been Menshikov's mistress, and she continued to look out for his interests. Upon Peter's death (1725), Menshikov helped her to accede to the throne, and he was the real ruler during her reign. Although his administration was efficient, it was also high-handed, and his enemies were legion. Shortly after the accession (1727) of the child czar, Peter II, Menshikov was removed from office through the intrigues of Count Osterman and others. He died in exile in Siberia. Several of his descendants held high posts in the empire.

Maximilian, prince of Baden (Max of Baden), 1867-1929, German statesman, last chancellor of imperial Germany. A liberal, he was made imperial chancellor at the end of World War I as Germany neared defeat. He formed a coalition cabinet that included members of the Center, Progressive, and Socialist parties, the three major parties in the Reichstag. At the recommendation of the supreme command, he began to negotiate for an armistice with the Allies. In late Oct., 1918, mutiny broke out among the sailors at Kiel. It spread and soon erupted into revolution. Prince Max hoped to save the monarchy by forcing Emperor William II to abdicate. William refused, but Max nevertheless announced his abdication (Nov. 9). Several hours later he surrendered the government to the Socialist leader Friedrich Ebert.

Lvov, Prince Georgi Yevgenyevich, 1861-1925, Russian public official, head of the provisional government (Mar.-July, 1917). He played a prominent part in the development of the zemstvo system of local self-government and was chairman of the all-Russian union of zemstvos in World War I. A deputy of the Constitutional Democratic party in the duma, he became head of the provisional government after the February Revolution of 1917 (see Russian Revolution). Lvov's idealism and fear of violence made him particularly unfit for coping with the turbulent situation. While he sought to organize a constitutional and democratic government, the Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries gained the actual power by organizing and dominating the workers' and peasants' councils (soviets). Agitation for peace with the Central Powers forced (May, 1917) the resignation of the foreign minister, Milyukov, and of the war minister, Guchkov, and Lvov formed a second government. After a popular uprising in Petrograd was suppressed (July, 1917), he resigned and a moderate Socialist government under Kerensky was organized. Lvov subsequently emigrated to Paris, where he died.

Ligne, Charles Joseph, prince de, 1735-1814, Austrian field marshal. He belonged to an ancient princely family of Hainaut, in the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium). He held high military and diplomatic posts, was an adviser of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, and won the favor of Catherine II of Russia while on a mission at her court. Though deprived of most of his estates by the French and sunk to relative obscurity, he remained active in European affairs. Ligne was celebrated for his cosmopolitanism and wit; his most famous remark, a reference to the Congress of Vienna, was Le congrès ne marche pas, il danse. [The congress does not walk (i.e., make progress), but it dances.] His selected letters and memoirs (tr. 1927) mirror his personal charm, polished gaiety, and unpretentious wisdom.

Kropotkin, Piotr Alekseyevich, Prince, 1842-1921, Russian geographer and anarchist. He came from a wealthy princely family and as a boy was a page to the czar. Repelled by court life, he obtained permission to serve as an army officer in Siberia, where his explorations and scientific observations established his reputation as a geographer. After returning to European Russia, he became an adherent of the Bakuninist faction of the narodniki and engaged in clandestine propaganda activities until arrested in 1874. Two years later he escaped to Western Europe, where he worked with various anarchist groups until his imprisonment in France (1883). Pardoned in 1886, partly as the result of the popular clamor for his release, he moved to England and spent the next 30 years mainly as a scholar and writer developing a coherent anarchist theory. In his most famous book, Mutual Aid (1902), he attacked T. H. Huxley and the Social Darwinists for their picture of nature and human society as essentially competitive. He insisted that cooperation and mutual aid were the norms in both the natural and social worlds. From this perspective he developed a theory of social organization—in Fields, Factories and Workshops (1898) and elsewhere—that was based upon communes of producers linked with each other through common custom and free contract. Returning to Russia following the February Revolution of 1917, he attempted to engender support for a continued Russian effort in World War I and to combat the rising influence of Bolshevism. Following the Bolshevik triumph in the October Revolution (1917), he retired from active politics. Consistently nonviolent in his anarchist beliefs, Kropotkin, as both thinker and man, was admired and acclaimed by many far removed from anarchist circles.

Iwakura, Tomomi, Prince, 1825-83, Japanese statesman. A court noble, he supported the Meiji restoration and became a minister of state (1871-83). In 1871 he headed a mission to Europe and the United States that failed to secure abolition of the unequal treaties but brought back much useful information on foreign institutions and technology. He returned to Japan in 1873 to forestall the threat of war with Korea. From 1873 until his death Iwakura, a conservative, was a leader of the moderate political forces.

Gramont, Agénor, prince de Bidache, duc de Guiche et de, 1819-80, French diplomat. He served as plenipotentiary at Stuttgart (1852) and Turin (1853) and was ambassador to Rome (1857) and Vienna (1861). As foreign minister in 1870, he instructed the French ambassador to Prussia, Vincent Benedetti, to hold the ill-fated interview with King (later Emperor) William I that led to the publication of the Ems dispatch, the flimsy pretext on which France declared war against Prussia (see Franco-Prussian War).

Gorchakov, Mikhail Dmitreyevich, Prince, 1793-1861, Russian general. He served in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29, the suppression of the Polish insurrection (1830-31), and the campaign in Hungary (1849). In 1853 he became chief of staff of the Russian army. He succeeded A. S. Menshikov as Russian commander in chief in the Crimean War and heroically defended Sevastopol.

Gorchakov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, Prince, 1798-1883, Russian diplomat. After serving (1854-56) as ambassador at Vienna, he became Alexander II's foreign minister and chancellor (1867). His wit and oratorical gifts made him known as a brilliant diplomat. Gorchakov's chief aim was to nullify the Treaty of Paris that closed the Crimean War (1854-56) and to find allies against Austria and England, who had been mainly responsible for the treaty, which thwarted Russian expansion in SE Europe. A rapprochement with France failed when Napoleon III gave diplomatic support to the Poles in their rebellion (1863) against the Russians. Gorchakov maintained neutrality in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) in return for Bismarck's support of Russian intervention in Poland. He unilaterally ended (1870) the limitations imposed in the Treaty of Paris on Russia's Black Sea fleet. He attended the Congress of Berlin (1878), where most advantages gained in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 were lost. From 1879, N. K. Giers guided Russian foreign policy, and in 1882, Gorchakov resigned.

Edward the Black Prince, 1330-76, eldest son of Edward III of England. He was created duke of Cornwall in 1337, the first duke to be created in England, and prince of Wales in 1343. Joining his father in the campaigns of the Hundred Years War, he established his reputation for valor at the battle of Crécy (1346). It was apparently the French who called him the Black Prince, perhaps because he wore black armor; the name was not recorded in England until the 16th cent. In 1355 the prince led an expedition into Aquitaine, and in 1356 he defeated and captured John II of France in the battle of Poitiers. Edward became ruler of the newly created English principality of Aquitaine in 1363 and, with his wife Joan of Kent, maintained a brilliant court at Bordeaux. In 1367 he went to the support of Peter the Cruel of Castile and temporarily restored him to his throne by the victory of Nájera. However, the expenses of the war compelled Edward to levy a tax in Aquitaine that was protested by his nobles and by Charles V of France on their behalf. War with Charles resulted, and the prince, though ill, directed the capture and burning of Limoges (1370) with needless massacre of the citizens. By 1372 his bad health forced him to resign his principalities, leaving his brother, John of Gaunt, to attempt the impossible task of holding them for England. The aging Edward III had relaxed his hold on the government, and the Black Prince, aware that he would not live to succeed his father, tried to strengthen the hand of the clerical party against John of Gaunt so that the accession of his son (later Richard II) would be assured. To that end he supported (and possibly directed) the proceedings of the so-called Good Parliament of 1376, which, among other things, impeached two followers of John of Gaunt and removed Alice Perrers, the king's mistress, from court. The Black Prince died shortly thereafter.

Edinburgh, Prince Philip Mountbatten, duke of, 1921-, consort of Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, b. Greece. He was the son of Prince Andrew of Greece and Princess Alice, daughter of Prince Louis of Battenberg, and a grandson of George I of Greece, great-grandson of Christian IX of Denmark, and great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria. He took an anglicized version of his mother's name, Mountbatten, when he became a British citizen in 1947, and renounced his Greek and Danish titles. Educated at the Royal Navy College, Philip served in the British navy during World War II. He was created duke of Edinburgh shortly before his marriage (Nov. 20, 1947) to Elizabeth. In 1957, Elizabeth conferred upon him the title of Prince. He has been a strong advocate of British scientific and technical innovation, wildlife protection, and conservation.

Condé, Louis II de Bourbon, prince de, 1621-86, French general, called the Great Condé; son of Henri II de Condé. Among his early victories in the Thirty Years War were those of Rocroi (1643), Freiburg (1644), Nördlingen (1645), and Lens (1648). In the series of outbreaks known as the Fronde he was at first loyal to the court, but his later intrigues and ambitions caused his arrest in 1650. This precipitated the Fronde of the Princes against Cardinal Mazarin, chief councillor of state during the regency of Anne of Austria. The nobles forced Mazarin to release Condé (1651), who became leader of the rebellious army of the princes and allied himself with Spain against France. After the disintegration of the Fronde and the return to power of Mazarin, Condé was (1653-58) commander of Spanish forces against France. In the final stage of the war he was defeated (1658) in the Battle of the Dunes (see Dunes, Battle of the). After the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) between France and Spain, he was pardoned and returned to court. He fought in the Dutch War for King Louis XIV, defeating William of Orange at Seneff (1674) and forcing Raimondo Montecucculi to retreat from the Rhine (1675). His last years were spent in retirement at Chantilly.

Bonnie Prince Charlie: see Stuart, Charles Edward.

Black Prince: see Edward the Black Prince.

Bezborodko, Aleksandr Andreevich, Prince, 1747-99, Russian statesman. He became secretary of petitions under Catherine II in 1775 and from 1780 served as head of the department of foreign affairs. During Catherine's reign foreign policy was determined largely by the empress, and Bezborodko generally went along with her schemes. He devised an imaginative plan for the partition of the Ottoman Empire between Russia and Austria that fitted well with Catherine's unfulfilled dream of a new Byzantine Empire. He encouraged Catherine to participate with Austria and Prussia in the last two partitions of Poland (1793, 1795), by which Russia obtained Lithuania, Courland, and the W Ukraine. After Catherine's death (1796) her son, Paul I, made him grand chancellor, with virtual control of Russian foreign affairs. He held this post until his death.

Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail, Prince, 1761-1818, Russian field marshal, of Scottish descent. He gained prominence in the Napoleonic Wars, became minister of war in 1810, and commanded the Russian forces against Napoleon in 1812. His policy of continuous retreat into the heart of Russia and his defeat at Smolensk (Aug. 17-18) resulted in his being replaced by Kutuzov, but his successor, recognizing the soundness of the strategy, followed the same policy. After Kutuzov's death (1813) he again commanded the Russian forces and distinguished himself at Leipzig and in the capture of Paris.

Bagration, Piotr Ivanovich, Prince, 1765-1812, Russian general in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He fought under Field Marshal Suvorov in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1798-99 and at Austerlitz, Eylau, and Friedland. In 1808 he captured the Aland Islands from Sweden; in 1809 he fought against the Turks in the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12; and in 1812 he commanded an army against Napoleon and was mortally wounded at Borodino.

European h1 of rank, usually denoting a person exercising complete or almost complete sovereignty or a member of a royal family. The wife of a prince is a princess. In Britain, the h1 was not used until 1301, when Edward I invested his son, the future Edward II, as prince of Wales. From Edward III's time, the king's (or queen's) eldest son and heir has usually been so invested.

Learn more about prince with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Dec. 17, 1619, Prague, Bohemia—died Nov. 29, 1682, London, Eng.) Royalist commander in the English Civil Wars. Son of the Palatine elector Frederick V and Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England, Rupert became a favourite of his uncle, Charles I, whom he joined in England in 1642. In the English Civil Wars, he was given command of the cavalry and became known for his daring tactics in winning victories at Bristol (1643) and in Lancashire (1644). He met defeat at the Battle of Marston Moor but was appointed commander of the king's army. When he surrendered Bristol (1645), he was dismissed and then banished from England. He commanded a small Royalist fleet that preyed on English shipping (1648–50), then retired to Germany (1653–60). With the Restoration (1660), he was given naval commands in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. He was a founder and first governor of the Hudson's Bay Co.

Learn more about Rupert, Prince with a free trial on Britannica.com.

orig. Harold Smith Prince

(born Jan. 30, 1928, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. theatrical producer and director. He worked for the producer George Abbott before coproducing the successful musical The Pajama Game (1954). He went on to produce or coproduce over 30 hit musicals, including Damn Yankees (1955), West Side Story (1957), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1962), and Fiddler on the Roof (1964). Frequently working with Stephen Sondheim, he won Tony Awards for his direction of the musicals Cabaret (1966), Company (1970), Follies (1971), Candide (1974), Sweeney Todd (1979), Evita (1979), The Phantom of the Opera (1986), and Show Boat (1995).

Learn more about Prince, Hal with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Province (pop., 2006 est.: 135,851), Canada. One of the Maritime Provinces and Canada's smallest province, it is an island in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, separated from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick by the Northumberland Strait. Its capital is Charlottetown. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534, it was used by Mi'kmaq (Micmac) Indians for fishing and hunting. It was colonized by the French in 1720, then ceded to the British in 1763. Known as the “Cradle of Confederation,” it was the site of the Charlottetown Conference of 1864, which led to the federation of Canada. It became a province in 1873. It has good natural harbours on its eastern and southern sides. There has been little industrial development, and more than half of the island is used for agriculture. Fishing and tourism are also of economic importance. In 1997 a bridge opened between Prince Edward Island and the mainland.

Learn more about Prince Edward Island with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Inlet of the Gulf of Alaska, southern Alaska, U.S. It lies east of the Kenai Peninsula and spans 90–100 mi (145–160 km). It was named by the British captain George Vancouver in 1778 to honour a son of George III. In 1989 one of the largest oil spills in history occurred when the tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef and lost 10.9 million gallons of crude oil into the sound, with disastrous effects on its ecology.

Learn more about Prince William Sound with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Park, central Saskatchewan, Canada. Its main entrance is northwest of the city of Prince Albert. Established in 1927, it has an area of 1,496 sq mi (3,875 sq km) and is mostly woodland and lakes, interlaced with streams and nature trails. It is a sanctuary for birds, moose, elk, caribou, and bears.

Learn more about Prince Albert National Park with a free trial on Britannica.com.

City (metro. area pop., 1997: 1,556,000), seaport, and capital of Haiti, West Indies, on the southeastern shore of the Golfe de la Gonâve. Founded by the French in 1749, it was destroyed by earthquakes in 1751 and 1770 and has frequently suffered from fires and civil strife. In 1807 the port was opened to foreign commerce. It is the country's principal port and commercial centre, producing sugar, flour, cottonseed oil, and textiles.

Learn more about Port-au-Prince with a free trial on Britannica.com.

orig. Harold Smith Prince

(born Jan. 30, 1928, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. theatrical producer and director. He worked for the producer George Abbott before coproducing the successful musical The Pajama Game (1954). He went on to produce or coproduce over 30 hit musicals, including Damn Yankees (1955), West Side Story (1957), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1962), and Fiddler on the Roof (1964). Frequently working with Stephen Sondheim, he won Tony Awards for his direction of the musicals Cabaret (1966), Company (1970), Follies (1971), Candide (1974), Sweeney Todd (1979), Evita (1979), The Phantom of the Opera (1986), and Show Boat (1995).

Learn more about Prince, Hal with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born June 15, 1330, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, Eng.—died June 8, 1376, Westminster, near London) Prince of Wales (1343–76). Son of Edward III, he apparently received his sobriquet because he wore black armour. He was one of the outstanding commanders of the Hundred Years' War, winning a major victory at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. He was prince of Aquitaine 1362–72; his rule there was a failure, for which he was largely to blame. He returned sick and broken to England and formally surrendered his principality to his father. He had no successor as prince of Aquitaine. Though the heir apparent, he never became king; his son became Richard II.

Learn more about Edward the Black Prince with a free trial on Britannica.com.

orig. Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart known as Bonnie Prince Charlie

(born Dec. 31, 1720, Rome—died Jan. 31, 1788, Rome) Claimant to the British throne. He was the son of the royal pretender James Edward and grandson of the exiled James II of England. Seeking to regain the throne, in 1745 the “Young Pretender” landed in Scotland, where he raised an army of 2,400 among the clans. After taking Edinburgh and routing the English at Prestonpans, he crossed the English border and reached Derby, but a lack of strong support from the Jacobites and the French forced his retreat into Scotland. He was decisively defeated at the Battle of Culloden (1746) and, aided by Flora Macdonald (1722–90) and disguised as her maid, escaped to France. He wandered about Europe trying to revive his cause, but his debauched behaviour alienated his friends. He settled in Italy in 1766. He later became romanticized in ballads and legends.

Learn more about Charles Edward, the Young Pretender with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born April 1, 1815, Schönhausen, Altmark, Prussia—died July 30, 1898, Friedrichsruh, near Hamburg) Prussian statesman who founded the German Empire in 1871 and served as its chancellor for 19 years. Born into the Prussian landowning elite, Bismarck studied law and was elected to the Prussian Diet in 1849. In 1851 he was appointed Prussian representative to the federal Diet in Frankfurt. After serving as ambassador to Russia (1859–62) and France (1862), he became prime minister and foreign minister of Prussia (1862–71). When he took office, Prussia was widely considered the weakest of the five European powers, but under his leadership Prussia won a war against Denmark in 1864 (see Schleswig-Holstein Question), the Seven Weeks' War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). Through these wars he achieved his goal of political unification of a Prussian-dominated German Empire. Once the empire was established, he became its chancellor. The “Iron Chancellor” skillfully preserved the peace in Europe through alliances against France (see Three Emperors' League; Reinsurance Treaty; Triple Alliance). Domestically, he introduced administrative and economic reforms but sought to preserve the status quo, opposing the Social Democratic Party and the Catholic church (see Kulturkampf). When Bismarck left office in 1890, the map of Europe had been changed immeasurably. However, the German Empire, his greatest achievement, survived him by only 20 years because he had failed to create an internally unified people.

Learn more about Bismarck, Otto (Eduard Leopold), prince von with a free trial on Britannica.com.