O'Donovan is currently the Professor of Christian Ethics and Practical Theology at the School of Divinity, New College, University of Edinburgh, a position which he has held since the summer of 2006 (and which had been vacant since July 2005 when the former holder the Rev'd Professor William Storrar left to head up the Center for Theological Enquiry at Princeton). Previously O'Donovan was Regius Professor of Moral & Pastoral Theology and Canon of Christ Church at the University of Oxford (1982-2006). Before that he taught at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford (1972-77) and at Wycliffe College, Toronto (1977-82). He is a past President of the Society for the Study of Christian Ethics.
In 2001 he delivered the Stob Lectures at Calvin Theological Seminary.
O'Donovan is an ordained priest of the Church of England, and has been active in ecumenical dialogue as well as serving on the General Synod. He has been a Fellow of the British Academy since 2000. He has held distinguished visiting lectureships in the Universities of Durham and Cambridge, the Gregorian University in Rome, McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, St. Patricks College, Maynooth, the University of Hong Kong, and Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
In 1978 he married Joan Lockwood O'Donovan. They have jointly authored two books on the history of Christian political thought. He has two sons: Matthew and Paul.