Philip V

Philip V (Philip the Tall), c.1294-1322, king of France (1317-22), son of King Philip IV. He became regent in 1316 on the death of his brother Louis X, who was survived by his pregnant wife and infant daughter. On the death of John I (1316), the posthumous son of Louis, Philip took the crown for himself in the absence of a direct male heir and was crowned (1317) king. This helped to establish the Salic law in France, which excluded females from the royal succession. Philip's reign was notable for his frequent consultations of national assemblies and for his administrative, judiciary, and military reforms. He was succeeded by his brother, Charles IV.

Philip V, 238-179 B.C., king of Macedon (221-179), son of Demetrius II, successor of Antigonus III. He won fame in a war in Greece (220-217), in which he sided with the Achaean League against the Spartans and the Aetolian League. When Italy was weakened by Hannibal's invasion, Philip tried to take the Roman holdings in Illyria, and he made (215) a treaty with Hannibal. This began the First Macedonian War with Rome (215-205), which ended favorably for Macedon. Philip collaborated (202) with Antiochus III to expand in the Aegean by plundering the territorial possessions of Ptolemy V. However, the frightened states of Rhodes and Pergamum coaxed Rome into entering the Second Macedonian War (200). This ended when Titus Quinctius Flamininus decisively defeated (197) Philip at Cynoscephalae (now Khalkodhónion, hills). From then on Philip collaborated with the Romans. He faced constant Roman interference, however, because of accusations against him from his neighbors. Philip extended his influence in the Balkans by three attacks on that region in 184, 183, and 181. His main efforts during this period were directed at rebuilding his kingdom. He was succeeded by his son Perseus.

Philip V, 1683-1746, king of Spain (1700-1746), first Bourbon on the Spanish throne. A grandson of Louis XIV of France, he was titular duke of Anjou before Charles II of Spain designated him as his successor. Louis XIV accepted the Spanish throne for his grandson and thus precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14), which severely reduced Spanish power. The peace treaties (see Utrecht, Peace of) left Spain its colonial empire, but forced it to cede the Spanish Netherlands, Sardinia, Milan, and Naples to Austria and Sicily to Savoy. For having sided with Philip's chief rival in the war, Archduke Charles (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI), Philip deprived Catalonia, Aragón, and Valencia of most of their autonomous privileges.

Of an indolent and melancholy disposition, Philip was dominated by women. At first the princesse des Ursins, lady in waiting to Philip's first consort, Maria Luisa of Savoy, dominated his court. In 1714, Philip married Elizabeth Farnese, who took complete control of her husband's policies and who was in turn dominated by the chief minister, Cardinal Alberoni. The attempt by the queen and Alberoni to reconquer the former Spanish territories in Italy led to the formation of the Quadruple Alliance of 1718, to which Spain had to submit in 1720. In 1724, Philip abdicated the throne of Spain to his eldest son, Louis, but resumed it later that year after Louis died of smallpox.

Spain's foreign policy continued to be governed to a large extent by dynastic ambition and became successful so far as the house of Bourbon was concerned. In the War of the Polish Succession (1733-35) Naples and Sicily passed to Don Carlos (later Charles III of Spain), son of Philip and Elizabeth; in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) Parma and Piacenza passed to Charles's younger brother Philip. Spain's entry into the War of the Austrian Succession was preceded (1739) by the outbreak of the War of Jenkins's Ear with Great Britain. In 1733 the first Franco-Spanish Family Compact was concluded. Under Philip, Spain began to recover from the economic stagnation of the 17th cent., especially after the rise (1743) of the reforming minister Ensenada. Philip was succeeded by Ferdinand VI, his son by Maria Luisa.

Spanish Felipe orig. Philippe, duke d'Anjou

(born Dec. 19, 1683, Versailles, France—died July 9, 1746, Madrid, Spain) King of Spain (1700–46). Grandson of Louis XIV of France and great-grandson of Philip IV of Spain, Philip was named to succeed the childless Charles II as king in 1700. Louis's refusal to exclude Philip from the line of succession to the French throne led to the War of the Spanish Succession. The resultant Peace of Utrecht (1713) deprived Philip of the Spanish Netherlands and parts of Italy, but it left him Spain and Spanish America. Initially influenced by his French advisers through his wife, Maria Luise of Savoy, after her death (1714) he was influenced by his second wife, Elizabeth Farnese, and her Italian advisers. Attempts to secure territories in Italy caused the formation of the Quadruple Alliance (1718) against Spain. Philip later brought Spain into the War of the Austrian Succession. His reign marked the beginning of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain (see house of Bourbon).

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Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746), born Philippe de France, fils de France and duc d'Anjou, was king of Spain from 1700 to 1724 and 1724 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain.

Philip was the second son of Louis, le Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna of Bavaria, known as Dauphine Victoire. He was a younger brother of Louis, duc de Bourgogne and an uncle of Louis XV of France.

His paternal grandparents were Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Adelaide Henriette of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy.

Early life

Philip was born at the Palace of Versailles in France. His older brother, Louis de France, duc de Bourgogne, was in line to the throne right after his father, Le Grand Dauphin, thus leaving him and his younger brother, Charles de France, duc de Berry little expectation to ever rule over France.

Claims to the Spanish Throne

In the year 1700, the King of Spain, Charles II, died. Charles' will named the 17-year old Philip, the grandson of Charles' sister Maria Theresa of Spain, as his successor. Upon any possible refusal the Crown of Spain would be offered next to Philip's younger brother Charles, duc de Berry, or, next, to Archduke Charles of Austria

Both claimants had a legal right due to the fact that Philip's grandfather, King Louis XIV of France and Charles's father, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold, were both the husbands of Charles' older half sisters and sons of Charles' aunts.

Philip had the better claim because his grandmother and great-grandmother were older than Leopold's. However, the Austrian branch claimed that Philip's grandmother had renounced the Spanish throne for her descendants as part of her marriage contract. This was countered by the French branch's claim that it was on the basis of a dowry that had never been paid.

After a long council meeting where the Dauphin spoke up in favour of his son's rights, it was agreed that Philip would ascend the throne but would forever renounce his claim to the throne of France for himself and his descendants, . It was not difficult to see whether Louis would have refused, as a Habsburg ruler in Spain would have put a possible enemy on three frontiers.

After the Royal Council decided to accept Charles' will naming Philip King of Spain, the Spanish ambassador was called in and introduced to his new King. The ambassador, along with his son, knelt before Philip and made a long speech in Spanish which Philip did not understand, although Louis XIV did. Ironically, Philip had only begun taking Spanish lessons that day.

War of Spanish Succession

However, the other powers of Europe contested the idea, eventually leading to the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714). Although Philip was allowed to remain on the Spanish throne, Spain was forced to cede Minorca and Gibraltar to Great Britain; the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia to the Austrian Habsburgs; and Sicily and parts of the Milanese to Savoy.

These losses greatly diminished the Spanish Empire in Europe, which had already been in decline. Throughout his reign, Philip sought to reverse the decline of Spanish power as Great Britain increasingly began to dominate at sea.

Marriages

First Marriage

He married his double-second cousin Maria Louisa of Savoy (17 September 1688–February 14, 1714) on November 3, 1701 and they had 4 sons:

• Infante Luis-Felipe of Spain (August 25, 1707–August 31, 1724)
• Infante Felipe of Spain (July 2, 1709–July 18, 1709).
• Infante Felipe of Spain (June 7, 1712–December 29, 1719).
• Infante Ferdinand of Spain (September 23, 1713–August 10, 1759).

Second Marriage

He married Elizabeth Farnese, Princess of Parma, (25 October 1692–11 July 1766), on 24 December 1714, they had 7 children:

• Infante Carlos of Spain (January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788).
• Infante Francisco of Spain (March 21, 1717 – April 21, 1717).
• Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain (March 31, 1718 – January 15, 1781).
• Infante Felipe of Spain (March 20, 1720 – July 18, 1765) Duke of Parma and founder of the line of House of Bourbon-Parma.
• Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (June 11, 1726 – July 22, 1746).
• Infante Luis Antonio of Spain (July 25, 1727 – August 7, 1785), known as the Cardinal-Infante. Was Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain and Cardinal since 1735. In 1754 renounced his ecclesiastical titles and became Count of Chinchón. In 1776, he married morganatically Doña María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue, but without royal titles.
• Infanta Maria Antonieta of Spain (November 17, 1729 – September 19, 1785).

Abdication

On January 14, 1724, Philip abdicated the throne to his eldest son, Louis I, but resumed it later that year when Louis died of smallpox.

Philip helped his Bourbon relatives to make territorial gains in the War of the Polish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession by reconquering Naples and Sicily from Austria and Oran from the Ottomans. Finally, at the end of his reign Spanish forces also successfully defended their American territories from a large British invasion during the War of Jenkins' Ear.

During his reign Spain began to recover from the stagnation it had suffered during the twilight of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Ferdinand VI of Spain, his son by his first queen Maria Luisa of Savoy, succeeded him.

Philip was afflicted by fits of manic depression and increasingly fell victim to a deep melancholia. His second wife, Elizabeth Farnese, completely dominated her passive husband. She bore him further sons, including another successor, Charles III of Spain. He was later helped with his affliction by the castrato singer Carlo Broschi, famously known as Farinelli, who, for twenty years, sang the same four arias each night to the king before he went to sleep .

Philip died on July 9, 1746 and was buried in his favorite Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso.

Legacy

• To commemorate the indignities the city of Xàtiva suffered after Philip's victory in the Battle of Almansa in the War of the Spanish Succession, in which he ordered the city to be burned, and renamed to San Felipe, the portrait of the monarch hangs upside down in the local museum of L'Almodí ).
• An equestrian statue of Philip V was commissioned during his lifetime to be erected in Lima, Viceroyalty of Peru. It came crashing down in a huge earthquake in 1746, the same month Philip V himself died. The statue was never replaced.

Ancestry

Notes

Sources

• Armstrong, Edward (1892). Elizabeth Farnese: "The Termagant of Spain". London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
• Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.
• Petrie, Sir Charles (1958). The Spanish Royal House. London: Geoffrey Bles.

Titles

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