Participant evolution is a process of deliberately redesigning the human body and brain using technological means, with the goal of removing "biological limitations." The idea of participant evolution was first put forward by Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline in the 1960s in their article Cyborgs and Space, where they argued that the human species was already on a path of participant evolution. Science fiction writers have speculated what the next stage of such participant evolution will be.

Whilst Clynes and Kline saw participant evolution as the process of creating cyborgs, the idea has been adopted and propounded by transhumanists who argue that individuals should have the choice of using human enhancement technologies on themselves and their children, to progressively become transhuman and ultimately posthuman, as part of a voluntary regimen of participant evolution.

References

• Manfred Clynes and the Cyborg. by Chris Hables Gray. . which in turn cites an interview with Manfred E. Clynes in
• Gray, Mentor, and Figueroa-Sarriera (1995). The Cyborg Handbook. New York: Routledge. pages 29-34, which in turn cites
• Clynes, Manfred E. and Nathan S. Kline (1960). "Cyborgs and Space". Astronautics September 26–27 and 74–75.
• Cyborg Systems. ISTF Brochures. .
• Frequently Asked Questions about Transhumanism. Futurist Transhuman Think Tank. .