Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 1860-1952, Italian statesman and jurist. He held several cabinet posts from 1903 to 1917 and was premier from 1917 to 1919. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, he demanded the fulfillment of the secret Treaty of London of 1915, by which the Allies had promised Italy ample territorial compensation in Dalmatia for its entry into World War I. Meeting stubborn opposition from Woodrow Wilson and failing to secure British or French support, he dramatically left the conference in Apr., 1919, but returned in May. Even then no solution satisfactory to Italy was found; Orlando resigned and was succeeded as premier by Francesco Nitti. Opposing Fascism, Orlando gave up (1925) his seat in parliament and devoted himself to teaching and writing.

Orlando: see Roland.

Orlando, city (1990 pop. 164,693), seat of Orange co., central Fla., in a lake region; inc. 1875. In a citrus fruit and farm area, it is one of the world's most visited vacation spots. Orlando's economy focuses on aerospace and electronics, but tourism brings in the largest revenues. Located 15 mi (24 km) SW is the Disney World theme park, including the EPCOT Center and Animal Kingdom. Also nearby are two other major attractions, Sea World and Universal Studios Florida. Luxury hotels, restaurants, and tourist facilities abound in and near Orlando, which is noted for its mild climate. The city was settled near Fort Gatlin, a post established (c.1837) during the Seminole War. The Univ. of Central Florida is there, and Rollins College is in nearby Winter Park. There is a busy international airport, and the city is home to the Magic (National Basketball Association).

Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 1901-58, American physicist, b. Canton, S. Dak., grad. Univ. of South Dakota, 1922, Ph.D. Yale, 1925. Affiliated with the Univ. of California from 1928 onward, he became a professor in 1930 and director of its radiation laboratory in 1936. For his invention (1930) and development of the cyclotron (see particle accelerator) and his researches in atomic structure and transmutation he received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics. With the cyclotron he produced artificially radioactive elements and neutrons useful in nuclear, chemical, and biological research.

Lasso, Orlando di, 1532-94, Franco-Flemish composer, b. Mons, also known as Orlandus Lassus or Roland de Lassus. Lasso represents the culmination of Renaissance musical art. At age 12, he entered the service of Ferrante Gonzaga, viceroy of Sicily. Thereafter, he worked variously in Naples (1550-53), Rome (1553-54), and Munich (1556-94). In 1570 he was raised to a hereditary rank of nobility by Emperor Maximilian II, and in 1574 he became one of the very few musicians to receive a papal knighthood. Lasso brought Flemish polyphony to its highest development in the Renaissance and distilled in his music the best elements of European music of his time. His more than 2,000 works in every form known to his day—masses, motets, French chansons, Italian madrigals, German lieder, and others—make him one of the most versatile and cosmopolitan composers in history. In contrast to the restrained mystical style of Palestrina, Lasso's music is vigorous, often passionate and earthy. Many of his love songs were set to poems by Petrarch and other poets. Undisputed master of the motet, he showed his skill at its richest in the Magnum opus musicum (pub. 1604), a selection of 516 sacred motets. His best-known works are his Penitential Psalms of David (c.1560; pub. 1584) and his last work, Lagrime di San Pietro (1594), completed three weeks before he died.

Gibbons, Orlando, 1583-1625, English organist and composer. He became organist of the Chapel Royal about 1603, court virginalist in 1619, and organist at Westminster Abbey in 1623. His compositions include English anthems and services, consort and keyboard music, and madrigals. His brothers, Edward Gibbons (1568-c.1650), who was his teacher, and Ellis Gibbons (1573-1603), were also composers. Only a few pieces of their works survive. His son Christopher Gibbons (1615-76) was organist of Westminster Abbey and left some anthems and string compositions.

Butler, William Orlando, 1791-1880, American general and political leader, b. Carrollton, Ky. He served in the War of 1812 and distinguished himself in the battle of New Orleans. He was a Congressman from 1839 to 1843. In the Mexican War he was a major general of volunteers and was second in command to Zachary Taylor at Monterrey, where Butler was wounded. After the fighting ended he succeeded Winfield Scott as commander in chief and superintended the evacuation of the U.S. soldiers from Mexico. In 1848 he was vice presidential candidate on the unsuccessful Democratic ticket headed by Lewis Cass. Although a slaveholder, he opposed secession and supported the Union cause in the Civil War.

(born May 19, 1860, Palermo, Italy—died Dec. 1, 1952, Rome) Italian politician and prime minister (1917–19). He was elected to Italy's Chamber of Deputies in 1897 and served in cabinet positions from 1903. As prime minister, he led Italy's delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, but he was unable to obtain concessions from the Allies for Italian-claimed territory and resigned. As president of the Chamber of Deputies (1919–25), he resigned in protest against the electoral fraud of Benito Mussolini's Fascist Party. He was president of the postwar Constituent Assembly (1946–47).

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(born May 19, 1860, Palermo, Italy—died Dec. 1, 1952, Rome) Italian politician and prime minister (1917–19). He was elected to Italy's Chamber of Deputies in 1897 and served in cabinet positions from 1903. As prime minister, he led Italy's delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, but he was unable to obtain concessions from the Allies for Italian-claimed territory and resigned. As president of the Chamber of Deputies (1919–25), he resigned in protest against the electoral fraud of Benito Mussolini's Fascist Party. He was president of the postwar Constituent Assembly (1946–47).

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or Orlando di Lasso or Roland de Lassus

(born 1530/32, Mons, Spanish Hainaut—died June 14, 1594, Munich) Flemish composer. He began as a choirboy (with such a beautiful voice that he is said to have been kidnapped to sing elsewhere), and his first known position was in service to the Gonzaga family in Italy (1544). After 1556 he was based in Munich as kapellmeister to the duke of Bavaria, but he pursued an international career, traveling in Italy, Germany, Flanders, and France. He wrote more than 1,200 works, in every contemporary style and genre, sacred (including some 60 masses and 500 motets) and secular (including hundreds of madrigals and chansons), his attention to the correspondence of music and words being especially remarkable. Because of his range of styles (he always kept up with fashion) and because his works were printed widely during and after his lifetime, he influenced many composers and is regarded as one of the greatest masters of his century.

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(born 1583, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng.—died June 5, 1625, Canterbury, Kent) English composer and organist. Son of a musician, he became organist of the Chapel Royal circa 1605 and remained there the rest of his life, serving also as organist at Westminster Abbey for his last two years. A versatile composer, he wrote several Anglican services, some 40 anthems, about 50 secular keyboard pieces, about 35 fantasias for chamber ensembles, and some 15 madrigals.

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City (pop., 2000: 185,951), central Florida, U.S. Settlement began circa 1844 around an army post. It was renamed in 1857 to honour Orlando Reeves, an army sentry killed during the Seminole Wars. After 1950 the development of the aerospace complex at Cape Canaveral and, after 1971, of nearby Disney World boosted the city's population and economy. It is also the centre of a citrus farming region.

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(born Aug. 8, 1901, Canton, S.D., U.S.—died Aug. 27, 1958, Palo Alto, Calif.) U.S. physicist. He earned a Ph.D. at Yale University and taught physics at the University of California at Berkeley from 1929, where he built and directed (from 1936) its radiation laboratory. In 1929 he developed the cyclotron, with which he accelerated protons to speeds high enough to cause nuclear disintegration. He later produced radioactive isotopes for medical use, instituted the use of neutron beams to treat cancer, and invented a colour-television picture tube. He worked with the Manhattan Project, converting the Berkeley cyclotron to separate uranium-235 by mass spectrometry. For his invention of the cyclotron, he was awarded a 1939 Nobel Prize, and in 1957 he received the Enrico Fermi Award. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were named in his honour, as was element 103, lawrencium.

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(born 1583, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng.—died June 5, 1625, Canterbury, Kent) English composer and organist. Son of a musician, he became organist of the Chapel Royal circa 1605 and remained there the rest of his life, serving also as organist at Westminster Abbey for his last two years. A versatile composer, he wrote several Anglican services, some 40 anthems, about 50 secular keyboard pieces, about 35 fantasias for chamber ensembles, and some 15 madrigals.

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(born Aug. 8, 1901, Canton, S.D., U.S.—died Aug. 27, 1958, Palo Alto, Calif.) U.S. physicist. He earned a Ph.D. at Yale University and taught physics at the University of California at Berkeley from 1929, where he built and directed (from 1936) its radiation laboratory. In 1929 he developed the cyclotron, with which he accelerated protons to speeds high enough to cause nuclear disintegration. He later produced radioactive isotopes for medical use, instituted the use of neutron beams to treat cancer, and invented a colour-television picture tube. He worked with the Manhattan Project, converting the Berkeley cyclotron to separate uranium-235 by mass spectrometry. For his invention of the cyclotron, he was awarded a 1939 Nobel Prize, and in 1957 he received the Enrico Fermi Award. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were named in his honour, as was element 103, lawrencium.

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